moralant Divine Law vs. Human Law in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone Divine Law vs. Human Law  The play entitle Antigone was written by a man named Sophocles, a scholarly agent of philosophy and logic. The play Antigone is probably one of the most prominent interpretations of a tragic drama. The two main characters of the play are Antigone and Creon. There is frequently troth between Antigone and Creon throughout the play, both of them having their own ideas and opinions regarding divine virtue versus human law. The theme that I am going to analyze is the conflict of divine law vs. human law. The reason for this is because this theme seems to control the consentaneous play. It is an issue of which law is the right law, and if Creons and Antigones acts were justifiable.   The play Antigone can be summarized by the following King Creon lets it be known that Polyneices the traitor is not to be conceal, but his sister Antigone defies the order because of the values she holds. She is caught, and sentenced by Creon to be buried alive - even though she is to be married to his son Haemon. afterward the blind prophet Tiresias proves that the gods are on Antigones side, Creon changes his mind - but alike late. He goes first to bury Polyneices, but Antigone has already hanged herself. When Creon arrives at the tomb, Haemon attacks him and past kills himself. When the news of their death is reported, Creons wife Eurydice takes her own life. Creon ends up being in all alone due to the fact that his family members took their own lives. Creon blames himself for all of these tragedies occurring, mainly because it was his impairment doings that caused them.   The concept of divine law can be set forth as the law of God. Divine law involves morality and beliefs that are presented by God. Charles Segal describes the idea of divine law as being the unwritten laws of the Gods (Sophocles 64). This caseful of law is most likely in effect when the idea of morals are apparent, such as when a moral decision must be ma de. This type of decision would probably be considered right or wrong. Divine law is not only in decisions, but too in the everyday actions of people. Things that are morally right are in accordance with the law of God, while things that are morally wrong pitch to be actions that go against the law of God.

Moments of My Life

Moment Of My t bingle Life is not made up of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years, but of arcminutes. You must(prenominal) experience separately one before you female genital organ learn how to give issue it. Well, cant but agree with that. If I was asked to describe the meaning of the denomination action, I would compare it with fashioning a movie which consists of enormous beat of shots. Each of these reflects a separate and unique milliampereent, which can be happy, pinch to the core of your heart, those which make you laugh, shiver or even cry.Absolutely, these moments spend to each of us constantlyy day. Some of them we forget as fast as they happen, but others will stay in our heart and mind for the livingtime. I was given an opportunity to describe the very special moment of my life. The moment that changed it, that shook me and turned my world upside down. It was an early morning when my mom was seeing me off at the airport. We were sitting in the caf eteria holding give and looking at each other without saying a unmarried word.I could see tears in her eyes. She looked worried, upset and proud of me at the said(prenominal) time. Its not easy to let your still little daughter go on her first flight to unknown far-far away country and world aware of that you wont see her In the next couple of years. The emotions were overwhelming me. I was terrified and full of courage, worried and excited, already missed my family but couldnt stop to ready off. And here I was making a small measuring out of the plane In New York but a massive one Into my new future.Being out of reach for my old world I was dragging through the crowded airport seeking for the familiar confront of my only friend in this big apple. Had no back up plan on my mind because I am absolutely convert that If you are making a change up In your life you should just go for it without any thought of drawing back. My friend was standing(a) in front of me. I was still s peechless of everything going on around but so happy to meet the only society with the new world. It was late at night.I remember getting off Penn send off and walkway couple off blocks to take the other train. It seems pretty mirthful right now but that time I was wondering if it is ever going to be able to understand the subway map and the immortal routes of trains. I cant but say that this thought left my head immediately. after(prenominal) I found myself I the middle of the street surrounded by the impressive skyscrapers being such a contrast to each other, the pass of people still rushing somewhere or Just walking around and so much light that made the streets look deal its a day time.That very second my inner soul and me agnize it was my new home. This city with millions of people, great and Inspiring architecture, but slews of drivel In the streets and smell of food trucks is my new world where I compulsion to be, want to find myself and settle down. New York is th e city where everyone is equal at the start line. I am sure that this great city can teach you to spirited your life, to be always In motion, to see right-hand(a) and bad more clear, to catch every opportunity that comes your way and to valuate the certain things when you have them.While talking about me I would say that notwithstanding the fact I was terrified at the beginning of what was going to happen to me next I was totally happy and grateful to my life for bighearted me this chance and experience of all those great feelings and moments. BY pituitary You must experience each one before you can learn how to live it. Well, I cant but agree with that. If I was asked to describe the meaning of the word life, I would country and being aware of that you wont see her in the next couple of years. The excited, already missed my family but couldnt wait to take off.And here I was making a small step out of the plane in New York but a gigantic one into my new future. Seeking for the familiar face of my only friend in this big apple. I had no back up plan on my mind because I am absolutely convinced that if you are making a change up in your life you should Just go for it without any thought of drawing back. My friend was inspiring architecture, but tons of garbage in the streets and smell of food trucks is teach you to live your life, to be always in motion, to see good and bad more clear, to

Ethics, values, and social responsibility Essay

In the finance field thither atomic number 18 a number of respectable exhausts although many fill outs in this field atomic number 18 governed by law. Ethical issues in finance allow in individual conduct, monetary introduction operations and financial markets operations. In this field people argon trained to perform different duties and thus finance ethics is diversified. However, the top fin issues in this field include honesty and fairness, fraud, conflicts of beguile, discrimination and learning technology. honesty and fairness in this field has raised much dispute.Because of the intense disputation in the world, many people view the conditions in a transmission line to be similar to those in a game of sport or war and thus anything is enumerateed to be fair. On the other hand there be those who argue that not everything is considered to be honest and fair. This has therefore take to ethical issues in this field regarding what is honest and fair and what is no t. Conflicts of interest is chiefly observed in situations where an individual is placed in a determine of making a decision on whether to pursue personal interests or the interests of other individuals or line of work.Similar, it green goddess involve an organization making a choice on whether to pursue own interests or the interest of the society. The issue concerning fraud primarily entails the disclosure of valuable data which is vitally valuable for security. It also involves misrepresentation of material evidence intentionally. on that point are several(prenominal) types of fraud and this whitethorn include accounting, marketing and consumer fraud. favoritism is an ethical issue which merchantman involve an individual or a business. few individuals or businesses abuse others by enticing them and exploiting them.In plus to that it whitethorn include issues regarding travel rapidly, gender among others. To add to that there are about cases which involve equipment c asualty discrimination. In information technology, the issue entails the silence and confidentiality of information on matters concerning the employees and consumers. cover and confidentiality is inseparable in this field however there may be some cases where it is not go overd. This has therefore led to ethical issues concerning what is retirement. In addition to that there are ethical issues which involve nurseion of intellectual property. be The top five issues can be arranged in go down order as honest and fairness, conflict of interest, fraud, discrimination and information technology (College of Micronesia, n. d. ). Honesty and fairness are major issues since they affect all aims of an organization, and are much experienced by society. Furthermore, controlling this issue other issues give be taken care of. For instance, an organization which is honest and fair, issues concerning fraud, discrimination, conflict of interest and information technology are minimal. Analys is Honesty and fairnessIn the financial market fairness is taken to mean a level playing field for everyone. However, in most cases the playing field is unleveled and this can be attri plainlyed to issues concerning inequalities in the bargaining federal agency, possession of information, resources available, among others. Inequalities in the bargaining power and resources are considered to be ethical only when used coercively and violate rights and obligations (Frederick, 2002). This implies that individuals or organization are only allowed to use their advantages in ways that are considered fair to others.Additionally, individuals can use their resources to mother information which they are authorise to exploit to their advantage. This has made access to information an issue of investment thereby leading to inaccessibility to critical information by some individuals. To acquire information individual must invest adequate resources. Ethical issues swot up over accessibility of information, how the information should be distributed to visit equality. Fraud In sales concerning financial products like insurance policies, loans, mutual funds among others, use of ethical standards is a requirement.Hence businesses are given the mandate to ensure adequate material information is available. There are regulatory agencies which monitor prospectus for mutual funds, however, personal sales and advertisements can contain fictional or misleading information (Frederick, 2002). Additionally, this is an issue which has been observed in the origin market and in many businesses. Some individuals conceal valuable information to lure more customers to their businesses. For instance, in the stock market assets of a feature organization may be inflated or some of its liabilities may be concealed.This issue has led to large losings in many investment companies and to individuals (Frederick, 2002). Since assessing the risk and suitability for an investment has been made di fficult with brusk material information. Conflict of interest This is issue which is primarily observed in agents, fiduciaries and financial managers, in which the personal interest interferes with the interests of the organization or society. Agents and fiduciaries are given the mandate to act on behalf of others in exercising judgment, however, in cases where they stand to gain personally their judgments may be compromised.Additionally, financial managers are given the mandate to manage assets prudently and thus avoid employ them for personal gains however, in some cases conflict of interest might occur. For instance, watchfulness buyouts whereby a group of managers take a exoteric organization to be private are an ethical issue. This issue occurs mainly since the actions to be performed by an individual are not fully specified before the relations and thus an individual is given a wide range of options. In addition to that they are not closely monitored and evaluated. This ha s led to huge losses being incurred by individuals and companies.For instance, some banks have collapse and this was attributed to rogue traders (Frederick, 2002). Discrimination This issue observed mainly in financial products and it involves abusive practices of selling such as flipping and twisting. In flipping one loan is set backd by another(prenominal) for generation of additional fees. While in twisting, insurance agents persuade their clients to replace the existing policy in order to get commission (Frederick, 2002). Some financial institution abuse poor individuals by offering them loans of extravagantly interest and by adding little values to lure them.Furthermore, in some institutions there are cases of discrimination in employment on matters concerning race and gender. Information technology Maintaining privacy and confidentiality of information in many business has been difficult because of the cost of technology. As technology advances it becomes more expensive to ensure privacy of employees and clients information. Furthermore, with the increase in number of people of accessing the internet maintaining privacy and confidentiality has become difficult.This has therefore led to loss of confident by the public since they cannot trust some organizations to protect their personal information. Solutions and recommendations The issue of conflict of interests can be addressed by closely monitoring individuals and by ever-changing the structure of the relationship. For instance, the commissions can be focused mainly on exertion of the clients portfolios and not on the volumes of sales. Additionally, professionalism, trust and codes of ethics should be strongly emphasized in relationships in order to guarantee the combine from the society.Fraud and discrimination issues can be solved in courts. There are laws which were put in place in place to protect people against abuse or discrimination. For instance, the Employment Act protects employees agains t discrimination and harassment. Furthermore, the pre-dispute arbitrement agreement should be amended or individuals should avoid it. This agreement may have several advantages but denies adequate protection to investors. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality of clients and employees information require much funding.It is essential for organizations to invest more funds in acquiring knowledge and skills concerning privacy and confidentiality in the information technology. By ensuring privacy and confidentiality, public confidence will be build. Social responsibility is essential for ensuring ethical standards are maintained in the society. When making decisions, people should consider their effects to the society and to themselves. This will ensure that ethical issues are maintained. Additionally, since businesses cannot be trusted to maintain ethical standards, some laws have been passed to ensure kind responsibility.For instance there are laws concerning consumer safety and env ironment protection. This is a beat forward in ensuring ethical standards. Furthermore, there are some financial institutions which have developed and implemented strict policies that ensure ethical standards are adhered. For instance there are policies concerning privacy and confidentiality of employees and customers information. In conclusion, maintenance of ethical standards should not be the responsibility of an individual or an organization but should involve the whole society.By maintaining ethical standards the society and organizations will be protected from any harm and at the same time scorn conflict. Even though ethical standards vary from one society to another, they should be understood and maintained adequately.Reference listCollege of Micronesia, (n. d. ). Code of Ethics. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from http//www. comfsm. fm/dleeling/alo/force play/code_of_ethics. html Frederick R. (2002). A companion to business ethics. Edition 1. New York Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 154-59.

Kate Chopin’s Short Stories Essay

Kate Chopin is often catalogued as an insightful writer who saw ahead of her soak up got while. Her work is filled with examples of the right forces which argon at play in the merciful spirit and which go beyond the approach patterns of hunting lodge. Chopin captures the ineffable essence of human relationships, outside the rules of tender place. Thus, in m both of her stories, Chopin tackles marriage as a social convention that acts as a constraint on the keep of the individual. Notably, her stories do non usu each(prenominal)y submit intricate plot develop custodyts, merely rather centre on look scenes w here certain manifestations or awakenings occur.The spirit level of an Hour and The Storm argon cardinal of Kate Chopins best cognise pieces of abruptly fiction, some(prenominal) taking up the theme of marriage as their of import focus. fledged Figs is a actually brief sketch, which does not focus on marriage, merely which, as it shall be seen, appropriat es in the lyrical and apocalyptical quality of the other two stories. Thus, the three stories offer an important thought on Chopins work the author focuses on manifestation or awakening as the central point of her discourse.Revelation can pick up many forms, entirely in Chopins works it is a short escape from the stream of life, somewhere outside the quotidian of followence. The Story of an Hour, Chopins best known short fiction, is, as its title emphasizes, the baloney of a very brief moment in a womanhoods life. The text tells the story of Mrs. mallard who finds out suddenly that there has been a terrible railroad accident and that her husband is on the list of the victims. Her eldest normal response is to burst into tears and isolate herself in a fashion.The withdrawal into this agency, away from the others, and the pleasant, cheerful view out of the window realise a sudden realization upon her the last of her husband actually instrument granting immunity, the fre edom to lie in for herself only and to enjoy her own life. The story on the face of it has potent feminist connotations, as Mrs. mallard discoers freedom for the first time, freedom from marriage as a compelling social institution and from her office staff as a wife. This awakening is all the more powerful as the woman realizes that she feels liberated despite the love for her husband and despite his graduality towards her.She does feel grief, but to a lower place the influence of the tranquility of her own room and peaceful view she has from her window, she has the disclosure of a life of freedom for her intragroup self She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and colorise and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a considerable procession of years to get along with that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her munition out to them in we lcome.(Chopin 260) What Mrs. Mallard welcomes is merely a life commit to herself only, in which no sacrifice is required of her. The privacy of her own room symbolizes this future inner freedom that she hopes for. Critic Daniel Deneau interprets Mrs. Mallards reaction to the prospect of a life that belongs to herself only, as the action of a powerful and perhaps supernatural force that is apt to transform the womans aspect on her own life and on her perspective in the worldThis something, this it, which oddly arrives from the sky, exerts a powerful physical influence on Louise and leaves her with a totally new perspective on her self and her place in the scheme of things. In a limited space, and without the assistance of a psychological vocabulary, Chopin may have been forced to rely on the indefinite, the unidentified, which, as best we can judge, is some powerful force, something supernatural, something beyond the realm of terrene experience or the rule of logic. (Deneau 212)M rs. Mallard awakens to a new perspective of herself and her place in the universe, which is markedly outside the conventional social order. The revelation is all the more baffling as it is connected with a tragic event related to the death of a husband. Chopin thus ignores convention and focuses on the liberated human spirit that can find itself outside the ties of society and tradition. More than an awakening, the moment is also accompanied by a view of abandonment. This is significant because Mrs.Mallard abandons herself to her own, hidden longings and sentiments When she aband integrityd herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath free, free, free The vacant stare and the look of threat that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every edge of her body. (Chopin 260) The strong emotion that she feels at the news of her husb ands death causes an inner quake that brings her own hidden desires to the surface.She is now prepared to live for herself, since it is the first time she actually escapes from the constraints of the social self and gets a glance of her own inner life There would be no one to live for during those coming years she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a closed-door will upon a fellow-creature. (Chopin 260) The ending of the story is all the more hammy as after the brief confrontation with her own self and the triumph felt at her impending freedom, Mrs.Mallard suddenly sees her husband locomote home. Significantly, the rest of the family misunderstands the womans seizure and eventual death upon seeing her husband alive, as a sign of shock and incredible joy. gild thus reacts in a conventional way and is blind to the revelation that has come upon Mrs. Mallard. T he Storm also focuses on marriage, only from a assorted point of view. Again, the story focuses on a very brief but intensely revelatory moment in the life of a woman named Calixta.It is not accidental that Chopin uses a storm as the background for the wild-eyed and pettishnessate encounter that takes place amongst Calixta and an old lover, Mr. Alcee. The storm symbolizes here freedom and unleashed sexual love, a moment of disturbance in natures calm. The outbreak of the storm and its short but tumultuous moment comply with the unexpected encounter of the two lovers who had obviously been separated very long. Mr. Alcees visit to Calixta seems both unexpected and unusual, as the two appear to have kept their distance for a very long time.As in The Story of an Hour, Chopin targets here social convention and conformity. Thus, the two lovers are both married and therefore their brief moment of passion is obviously adulterous. Moreover, they come from very different layers of soci ety, a fact which is emphasized primarily by the language style that they use in conversation. These two breaches of morality and convention are all the more striking as the story is scripted at the end of the nineteenth century when social behavior was very closely monitored.According to Bert Bender, the social order is violated in order to assert the unification betwixt the human and universal rhythms, symbolized by the two couple acts, the sexual encounter and the storm The Storm is remarkable not only for the freedom it asserts in the face of the suffocating conventionality of the 1890s, but for the lyrical ease with which it unites human and universal rhythms to celebrate the procreative recreate of the world. The story realizes Kate Chopins dream of womans renewed patrimony for passionate self-fulfillment.(Bender 261) Like The Story of an Hour, this text celebrates the rights of human passion to exist outside the impositions of society. The discoveries that the two lovers make are similar to those obtained by Mrs. Mallard in the previous story. Here, the two lovers share not only their passion but also a moment of freedom and revelation, in which they surpass their obedience to social convention. Calixtas body is associated to a lily to emphasize the womans belonging to the spirit of nature itself They did not heed the crashing torrents, and the shout of the elements made her laugh as she lay in his arms.She was a revelation in that dim, mysterious chamber as whiten as the vagabond she lay upon. Her firm, elastic flesh that was knowing for the first time its birthright, was manage a creamy lily that the sun invites to contribute its breath and perfume to the unfading life of the world. (Chopin 345) The image of the body as a white lily in the dim, mysterious chamber underscores the state of revelation which animates the two lovers. Moreover, the idea of birthright is very significant, as it alludes to the rights of the natural human being unen closed by the laws of society.Chopin thus manages to capture the intensity and sensuality of the lovers encounter as a moment of absolute bagging. As in The Story of an Hour where Mrs. Mallard had abandoned herself to her own, yet unknown feelings, here the two lovers abandon themselves to passion and to one another without interrupting the moment with any thoughts of regret or ill-doing The generous abundance of her passion, without guile or trickery, was like a white flame which penetrated and found response in depths of his own sensuous nature that had never yet been reached.(Chopin 345) What is more, the two lovers do not feel any guilt after their love making either. The text thus closes with the pay back of Calixtas husband and his son after the storm and then with the kindly exchange of letters between Mr. Alcee and his wife. The lovers are suddenly and completely reintegrated into their families once the storm ends. This fact emphasizes even more the idea that the passi on they share briefly is a revelation of their uncoiled selves and that after this moment is passed they fall back to their customary social roles.The third story under analysis here, Ripe Figs, is short text which also focuses on a momentary life scene. Here, the theme is not that of marriage or human relationships. The protagonists are a unseasoned girl, Babette and her grandmother, Maman Nainaine. However, the story shares the lyrical quality of the other two texts and the parallel between the rhythms of human life and that of nature. The grandmother who counts her time with the aid of seasonal worker succession seems to live outside the hassle of modern life, in a space and time that obey natural rather than artificial laws.The story thus underlines primarily the coincidence between the rhythms of nature and those of the human spirit. some other focus of Ripe Figs is the relationship between the young girl and her grandmother, as representing stark differences in age. Bab ette is young and restless as a humming bird while the grandmother seems to live outside the course of time But warm rains came along and plenty of strong sunshine and though Maman-Nainaine was as patient as the statue of la Madone, and Babette as restless as a humming-bird, the first thing they both knew it was hot summer-time.(Chopin 174) For Maman Nainaine, the heat and displeasure of youth have gone, and she seems to live in a privileged cyclic motion of nature. Like the other characters presented in this analysis, the grandmother has been liberated from the nimble laws and requirements of life to live in conformity with nature.She thus guides her granddaughter according to the rules of seasonal cycle, choosing the ripening of figs and the blooming of the chrysanthemums as her references in time Babette, continued Maman-Nainaine, as she peeled the very plumpest figs with her pointed silver fruit-knife, you will carry my love to them all down on Bayou-Boeuf. And tell your t ante Frosine I shall look for her at Toussaintwhen the chrysanthemums are in bloom. (Chopin 174) There is therefore a substantial difference between the young girl who waits impatiently for the future and the progression of time and the grandmother who lives in the cyclic motion of nature.The story therefore reveals the contrasts between the young and the old age as well as a significant parallelism between the life of nature and the human spirit. The three stories under analysis, The Story of an Hour, The Storm and Ripe Figs disclose essential aspects of Kate Chopins fiction. The main purport of Chopins works is thus to show the connection between the life of nature and the human spirit, in the form of sudden revelation or the escape of an individual from the quotidian existence.Chopins works are therefore psychologically modern, focusing on the relationship between the true human self and the social self. What is striking about the stories is that the stories always have an unconv entional content. Far from suggesting any guilt in her characters, Chopin emphasizes their sense of liberation and freedom. Furthermore, the author chooses to present this sudden liberation in the form of revelation. The characters in her stories do not necessarily flee from burdensome, dreadful situation. Mrs. Mallard and Calixta are both comfortable if not thoroughly happy in their marriages.However, in Chopins view, the chains imposed by society have to be repelled in order to attain a sense of ones true self. It is in this moment of revelation that the characters finally get a sense of their own nature and manage to escape the pressure of social convention. Works Cited Bender, Bert. Kate Chopins Lyrical Short Stories. Studies in Short Fiction. Vol. XI (3) 1974. 257-266. Deneau, Daniel P. Chopins The Story of an Hour. The Explicator 61 (4) 2003. 210-214. Chopin, Kate. The Awakening and Other Stories. New York Oxford University Press, 2000.

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Buying Behavior Essay

Gone those eld where brands were limited and their tag lines were enough for the publicity, for e.g. Thanda matlab coca- cola this tag line of coca cola helped a lot in terms of profit maximation and brand building.As the time passes a cut throat competition is taking place and every one is trying to put their product fantabulous than their competitors. For this, they have endorsed the honor in advertisement to make their product favorite as well as unique.The use of a fame in an advertisement is like the bridge between the producer and the consumer. For targeting the customers, they select the celebrity as per their products demand for e.g. life insurance companies for targeting the of age(p) customers endorses the celebrity which are more than 60 years and for the soft drinks and juices they endorses unex ampled celebrities.(Clemente N. Mark, 2002)The personality and credibility of an endorser plays a very important consumption for promoting the product because it direct ly reflects the products quality and reliability. For e.g. Cement companies of all time endorses the powerful and strong celebrity like sunny deol , dara singh, amitabh bachan etc. there are many reasons for celebrity endorsement by companies but the nigh important is that through endorsers high appeal and fitting message in the advertisement they are able to segregate their targeted customers easily.(Kulkarni & Gaulkar, 2005)ConclusionCelebrity endorsement is the very important and basic irradiation for the promotion of the product and now a- days it is become a turn off for the product marketing and brand building. However, it is easy to select a celebrity but it is very difficult to establish a strong relationship between the product and the endorser. The celebrity can make a best(p) brand image and also helpful for profit maximization.

Psychological study: “Geenie the Wild Child!” Essay

The development of language comes naturally for most commonwealth as they grow from an infant to a child. Noam Chomsky believes that languages are genetically pre-programmed by a language acquisition device in the brain. The deep body structure of language and words is not learned. Yet the surface structures, such as ph mavintic sounds are learned. A few children do not attain the basic foundation of language like in djinnis case. Genie (and her mom) was victims of abuse and neglect inflicted upon them by Genies father. In November, 1970, Genies a.k.a. The Wild Child horrible plight was documented and this is my personal assessment of itI would think that Genie can one day master English (or another language) because of one specific yard Genies brain, as slow and below average for a 13 year old as it was, did show some progression. Genie did have a 20-word vocabulary. She could correctly identify colors, she knew her mom and could say things like, walk, entry and No more. Howev er, this was not the case.After over 6 years of world observed, poked and researched by scientist, Genie never did master the English language. Also, Genie had a most bizarre and unfortunate life starting at the actually moment she was born. In the beginning she was constrained and not given both attention. When she was discovered by the world, she was bombarded with attention from many researchers. From the multitude of research through with(p) on her, one bit of information that held true to Lennebergs speculation is the inability to produce speech after puberty even when candid to it. However, in the end the researchers became insensitive and overlooked Genies give birth well-being for scientific research.

Life in the city Essay

Life in the urban center is full of activity. archean in the morning hundreds of people rush out of their homes in the carriage ants do when their nest is broken. Soon the streets atomic number 18 full of traffic. Shops and offices open, students flock to their schools and the days work poses. The city instantly throb with activity, and it is full of noise. Hundreds of sight-seers, holidaymaker and otherwises travel to many places of interest in the city while businessmen from various parts of the world arrives to transact business.Then towards evening, the offices and day schools begin to close. Many of the shops too close. There is now a rush for buses and other means of transport. Everyone seems to be in a hurry to reach home. As a result of this rush, many accidents occur. One who has not been to the city forwards finds it hard to move about at this time. Soon, however, there is almost no activity in several parts of city. These parts are usually the business centres.W ith the coming of night, another kind of activity begins. The streets are now full of colourful lights. The air is cooler and life becomes more leisurely. population now seek entertainment. Many visit the cinemas, parks and clubs, while others go on indoors to watch television or listen to the radio. Some visit friends and relatives and some spend their time reading books and magazines.Those who are interested in politics discuss the latest political developments. At the same time, hundreds of crimes are committed. Thieves and robbers who wait for the coming of night become active, and misfortune descends upon many. For the greed of a few, many are killed, and some live in constant fear. To stimulate criminals to justice, the officers of the law are always on the move.Workers and others who seek advancement in their careers attend educational institutions which are open till late in the night. Hundreds of them sit for various examinations every year. The facilities and opportunit ies that the people in the city eat to further their studies and uncrease their knowledge of human affairs are indeed many. As a result, the people in the city are usually expose informed than those of the village, where even a newspaper is sometimes difficult to get.The city could, therefore, be described as a place of ceaseless activity. Here, the shimmer of life is every day.

“Country Lovers” by Nadine Gordimer and “Veronica” by Adewale Maja Pearce Essay

Explore the ways in which descents be shaped and influenced by traditional cultural expectations in the short stories you control studied.Relationships platonic and step forwardline are roughtimes built from cultural expectations just to what extent are people willing to go to uphold those traditions? I will treat two short stories Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer and speedwell by Adewale genus Maja Pearce, in which both focus on close relationships which are condemned from the starting signal due to strict and uncompromising cultural expectations. Cultural influences are pictured strongly by the non-British writers one is set in an unnamed African village, and the other Apartheid South Africa. Both stories tragically gift the destructive payoff on relationships, when a tenacious fixation with tradition causes them to be obeyed beyond the bear witness of hu homosexualeness, and everything else including love is disregarded.In Country Lovers the protagonists Paulus ( heir to wealthy farming business) and Thebedi (a discolour farm worker) form an inter-racial relationship in the period of Apartheid rule in South Africa. During Apartheid the divide between blacks and snow-whites was im custodyse. Skin colour determined every aspect of social life history. Whilst the affluent whites had their own well-equipped facilities, subsisting in hulky houses and having well-paid jobs, blacks had to manage with a a lot lower standard of life. Apartheid laws prohibited close to social contact between races (Microsoft Encarta 2006) and inter-racial sex and marriage were strongly debate by law making it virtually impossible for a heyday relationship a good deal(prenominal) as Paulus and Thebedis to progress.They stood at two severalize sides of the track, whilst Paulus was son of a rich farmer, Thebedi worked on his farm. The contrast between them is swell and so their economic and social differences would be deeply frowned upon. An instance of the contrast, is the movie after Paulus and Thebedi met at the riverbed it says and severally returned home with the dark she to her contracts hut, he to the farmhouse. A hut in comparison to a house proves the extent of Apartheid and the blacks living conditions. Njabulo, also a slave seafarer would take hold lived here, and he had intents for Thebedi.Njabulos relationship with Thebedi is also dictated by the expectations of a black man in that time, and also his limitations because of it. For example, Paulus returned from school, and brought Thebedi gifts, because he could consecrate to, although Njabulo said he wished he could turn in bought her a belt and earrings (line 35). He couldnt display his love for her, because he didnt have the means. When Njabulo do arrange ments to marry her, he couldnt offer her parents the customary cow that should have been given in place of Thebedi. This also understands that the customs of the blacks could non be taken under considerati on whilst segregation that was going on. Also, when the very sluttish (line 114) baby was creation innate(p) it simply states Njabulo made no kick.The preceding sentences had been very long and descriptive with many clauses, but this contrasting short simple one gives it importance and could show that he didnt care, but could also show that he couldnt do anything almost it and so just accepted it. Despite the concomitant that it had been proven that Thebedi had had an telling with a white man, Njabulo maybe couldnt ask her about it because he was a second-class citizen and couldnt do anything. Also, maybe he felt up uncomfortable to question her in regards to the baby, because it wasnt uncommon for white men to rape black women in those times. Cultural expectations forced Njabulo to keep quiet, and so it impacted negatively upon their relationship. There was no trust or forgiveness between them as he had no complaint when Thebedi had another mans child.Despite Thebedis marri age, the love between Paulus and Thebedi seemed very pure. In line 1 of the story it sets the scene for what the whole story is globe upon The farm children play together when they are small but at once the white children go away to school they soon dont play together any more, even in the holidays. It immediately drags us into the rigour of living under Apartheid. The entire tone of the narrator is modify and unemotional, perhaps to show the thoughts and feelings of the time. Most white people didnt unfeignedly care about the inequality during the Apartheid system, and so had no compassion towards the blacks or to what they were going through.The unemotional tone of the story could also reflect the harshness of the people that were for apartheid or unsympathetic towards the experiences of black people, as the writer Nadine Gordimer was a strong activist in the anti-apartheid movement. The opening line shows how there is no discrimination when the children are juvenility, bu t as they get older they arrive at the divide, and so blacks begin to call whites missus and baasie and blacks drop just and further behind in schooling. The story uses country specific words to show that it is not set in England such as koppies small hammock in South Africa.The story sharply contrasts the everyday relationships between whites and blacks as they get older to say The trouble was Paulus Esendyck did not seem to unclutter that Thebedi was nowadays simply one of the crowd of farm children down at the kraal. He goes against the norm and continues to entertain their relationship, rather than just stop his feelings for her. The verbiage used here such as the trouble shows that it was a problem that Paulus could not just forget Thebedi. Even when he grew up and out of childhood and experienced the things of adulthood, it did not discourage his love for her. Although it was expected of Paulus to homogeneous these white girls as it suggests in the story the sight of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now, The head girl of the sister school was said to have a crush on him he didnt particularly like her he had stronger feelings for Thebedi.In the story, Paulus and Thebedi both go on a walk but unaware of each other but consequently meet whilst on the walk. This could symbolise that they each want to follow their own paths, but it leads jeopardize to one another, they had not arranged this, it was an urge each followed independently. They then go into deep conversation, and during this scene the writer uses lots of descriptive linguistic process and imagery to depict their surroundings, such as, twisted and tugged at the roots of white stinkwood and Cape willow trees that loped out of the eroded earth nearly them and old, and eaten trees held in place by vigorous ones, wild asparagus brushing up between the trunks, and here and there prickly-pear cactus sunken-skinned and bristly.This techniq ue may have been used prolong Paulus and Thebedis scene of happiness and contentment with each other she laughed a lotsharing her amusement with the cool comic earth. Another view is that nature is the all thing around them, it is not discriminatory and doesnt judge them allowing them to be happy. The turning stage in the story is when Paulus and Thebedi have intercourse and it is a blissful time, it says they were not afraid of one anotherthis time it was so loving, so lovely he was surprised.Although, due to the segregation of the time inter-racial relationships were forbidden (as they were illegal) and so their meetings had to be secret, for being prove out would have incurred harsh punishments and being socially shunned. Paulus and Thebedi hide their love from others, specifically by making excuses for Thebedis gift she told her father the missus had given these (gilt hoop earrings) as a reward for some work she had done, and by sneaking in and out of the farmhouse she had to get away before the house servants, who knew her, came in at dawn. They both lead double lives. Paulus dates for veterinary school and Thebedi marries Njabulo the lives they should be leading if they stuck to the cultural expectations.Once the baby is born everything changes. The writer evermore refers to childhood, during the key scene when Paulus searches for Thebedi and their baby, He drank a glass of fresh, still-warm milk in the childhood familiarity of his mothers kitchen and also For the first time since he was a boy he came right in the kraal. Children are normally associated with innocence and naivety, and so maybe this was used to contrast with the act of take out he will commit, or maybe to remind the readers of the relationship he had with Thebedi when he was younger. In lines 132-134, the long sentences used increase the suspense and tenseness for the reader, as they are eager to find out what happens next, whilst the writer rambles on about non-essential infor mation.There is a change in Paulus as he no longer enters into long conversations with Thebedi his language is short and clipped as he says I want to see. Show me. After Thebedi shows him his child, she uses an anecdote which corresponds to the situation, the junto of children had trodden down a crop in their games or transgressed in some other wayand he the white one among them must intermeddle with the farmer. This shows that the baby was the product of some transgression and the responsibility befell on him, Paulus to put it right. You can see that he felt some lugubriousness or regret as it says he struggled for a moment with a grimace of tears, passion and self-pity.The relationship between Paulus and Thebedi had been destroyed because of the cultural expectations, as it says she could not put her hand to him. Thebedi could not even console her young lover, as she had no idea how he would react, maybe in anger he could hurt her, and he was confused I dont know I feel like k illing myself. This was now no longer an intimate relationship although they shared a close moment, a chance to reconcile their love Paulus walked out, because the traditions had made it impossible for them to try and enkindle their affection for one another For a moment there was the feeling between them that used to come when they were alone down at the riverbedOthers opinions and views of Paulus are that the prospect of being prosecuted outweighed his love for Thebedi and his child. He had to reassure that she had never been near the farm house, and willing her to take it away and finally did the only thing he could to make sure he was not found out. The last line summarises the whole story, even though they continued a relationship from childhood it was doomed from the beginning due to the pressures and harshness of living in a segregated society, It was a thing of our childhood, we dont see each other any more. Adewale Maja-Pearce depicts the tragic story Veronica in which tw o members of a rural African village born and raised together, begin to lead very different lives on the ground of hampering cultural expectations. The narrator Okeke recollects his experiences in the village, and his platonic relationship with a fatalistic childhood friend Veronica.Set in the middle of the last century, views of the roles of men and women were rigid and unyielding. The story shows how African women of the time were subjected to constant pressure and mount responsibilities which in turn leads to fatal consequences. In Afrcian society, men were traditional breadwinners and it was a womans role to do childrearing and house work.Veronica automatically adopted the responsibilities of her entire family as since she was the eldest childbringing up the other children had fallen on her. The adjective fallen does not show the responsibility in a good light, as it suggests that a big(p) burden has been dropped onto her. It also describes her family situation as she had to take on tasks stereotypically associated with men- such as chopping firewood, as well as taking on maternalistic roles such as catering for her siblings. Her father abuses her listening to her scream, and is describe as a brute, and her mother described as exhausted. Maja-Pearce may have used the characters as allegory for the political views of the African country. Veronica is a symbol of the abused and mistreated citizens whilst her father symbolises the regimen and their indifference and apathy towards the citizens deprivation, and her mother could symbolise the weak bystanders that cant do anything due to their lack of means.This view also ties in with the fact that historically during this period a civil war would soon be in progress, and also that Maja-Pearce had written several stories that challenge the principles of African society.The relationship between Veronica and Okeke is told solely from Okekes point of view as he gives a background, until he talks of his leaving the village. The writer could have done this to show that Veronicas situation was probably much worse than Okeke knew about, and so the reader would imagine terrible things would happen to her whilst Okeke hear screams in the night, and so empathise with her more. This technique could be seen as building tension and anticipation for when they meet, or to show that this crucial intercourse is a very important part of the story.A turning point in the story when Okeke and Veronicas friendship is ended by Okekes plans to leave his home village and make a life for himself in the city, whilst Veronica refuses to abandon her family.The parting conversation shows just how much cultural tradition has been impressed on Veronica. When Okeke suggests that she leave the village, she replies Me. This could be vewed as mock indignance, because she feels that Okeke is telling her to forget her set role in society, or it could be seen as genuine surprise at him suggesting that she should give up e verything near to her. Okeke then asks for her reasons for staying and she says I cant just leave my family.

Hello Kitty case study Essay

1.0Introduction hello kitty is a cartoon persona of a small white cat that views kind, sweet and tricksy, with a get-up-and-go nose, two black dot-eyes, six whiskers and a ribbon in her hair. hullo kitty has no mouth and this represents a major microbe of emotional association for buyers and buyers can put m some(prenominal) different feelings to the inadequate cat. Owners and their cat can be contented, sad and cheerful or some(prenominal) former(a) feelings that drug user wishes to feel. how-dye-do batch was firstly introduced in lacquer in 1974 and is a segment of lacquerese habitual destination and hello kitty is a Japanese bobtail cat also k directs as kitty white. Currently hello kitty is 40 years of come on hello kitty trademark is worth over 5 cardinal annually worldwide.2.0What the appeal of hullo Kitty? What of necessity does it fulfill? hi Kitty appeal is success in Japan to the prevalence of the Kawaii culture in the country. The Japanese, regardless of t heir age, were known to have a passion for cute objects. Kawaii itself mean cute. Hello Kitty not only popular among josh simply for cock-a-hoop too. They describe as kidult, the combination of kid and prominent. It extracts user who love pink and cat.For instance, it was considered normal for grown women in Japan to be seen with mobile phone cases that were adorned with cartoon characters, or for banks to patsy check books with pictures of cartoons. The postal department issued stamps featuring popular cartoon characters. Even the Japanese government used Hello Kitty as tourism commove in Hong Kong and China.Hello Kitty is fulfilling the need of belonging and love. She has fetch a friend and has its own social fans. People will feel happy when they buy it for their self or receive it as a gift. The air and cuteness name people happy when they see it. It comes collectable items and fans become happy when they can collect all the various looks of Hello Kitty.3.0What pull back Hello Kitty distinctive in its early years from early(a) dolls, and what made non-distinctive in later years as its sales declined?In its early years, Hello Kitty is the most magnetic because that time at that place no other animate that is cute and represent a girl. Hello Kitty then become viral that attract people from any ages. It not only the symbol of cuteness but also as a friend. Hello Kitty for a little girl she become a friend, for teenager special friend and trend and women also is attracted as the symbol of feminine. Hello Kitty enters all age groups and market. The kawaii thing that make it very magnetic compargon to other dolls.Even though Hello Kitty was still among the top-selling brands in Japan, the avenues for future growth seemed limited. The increased popularity of other animate kindred Pokemon among female consumers make the attraction of Hello Kittys was at risk in Japan. Sanrio may have succeeded in reviving the brand in the 1990s by repositionin g Hello Kitty to make her appealing to a larger number of people. However, the phoner could not pull off the same trick a moment time. There were several reasons for this. Hello Kitty had already been placed on a wide range of items and there were few new items left.Further much, engineering science changes factor may lead to it declined. Abundance electronic and gadget that is more attractive to children and teenager. All the gadget come with sound and voice that is more attractive to be watch. Hello Kitty is created without mouth, so it a bite difficult to create a television animation wishs others. It seems weird if Hello Kitty has a voice because she doesnt have mouth.4.0How have the needs of children change over the years in term of what they look for in a doll?Today technology change rapidly with some gadget and advanced technology in market. As a user it affects us when we cant catch up with the changes. We may left behind from other. This changes not only effect adul t but children too. When toys are now using advanced technology to express the animator creative thinking and to enter the market. The impact of this, children more attract to figure that are look more real. Children straight off not only looking for toys that are attractive but come with voice and have their own trademark. Example like Upin Ipin, the television series with in their graphic technology, latest is Frozen animation, Elsa is the popular one from the movie.It becomes viral among children. The movies itself very interesting come with good graphic, storyline, telephone call and products. Its a complete package that attract children today, they memories the song. Its wholly different with Hello Kitty that has no mouth and cant talk. Hello Kitty has the sentimental value that not everyone can take in it. Children now want something that more related to real life, real expression. The technologies today have impact on children choice.ConclusionThere many rival that co me with more advanced technology that are more attractive not only for children but for adult too. Hello Kitty is now left behind even there so many forward motion and contract with big company. Hello Kitty has lost it shine but not for the fans. The liege fans are from kids from past year that are adult today. Kitty fails to attract younger kids in this 21st century. Kids may like the kitty but still cant be the loyal fans of kitty. Hello Kitty should be able to cope with technology changes to attract young kid today. Hello Kitty must change to something that is catchier worthy with kids this 21st century.

Analytical Examination Essay

This paper leave analyze about the RA 10354 overly called Responsible Parenthood and procreative health identification number of 2012. This essay leave puzzle a shortly history of the law of nature here(predicate) in the Philippines until it become enacted and implemented. This entrust handle the major provisions of the law unitedly with its important confine ranging from wellness finagle to contraception. This will likewise discuss the issues that are connected to this law while it was a institutionalize such as maternal death, primaeval pregnancy, premarried sex, poverty and population and productive health direction.Issues implicated with economy of the rouse such as the necessity and morality of the bill and its contents like contraception and reproductive health in manakination will be especially presented. Other intelligence service which whitethorn have affected the delay for the bill will be excessively presented and analyzed. This will also prese nt the major groups that approve or oppose the said law together with their reasons why they want or are against the said law. This will also talk about the actions those groups have taken for or against the law which may have affected the support for the bills implementation.This is also concerned with the voices of certain world organizations such as UNESCO and WHO on reproductive health education and the stand of the perform on the matter about contraception, self-continence and marriage. This will be concerned about their statement about the matter and the doctrines and determine they adhere with. Summary Since its first proposition on 1988, the procreative wellness observance experienced small-army debates if it was really needed here in the Philippines.The proposition was changed and improved by a number of proponents many times tho was mostly neglected. Then, a similar bill was also introduced in the first regular session of the 14th Congress by Albay Rep. Edcel C. Lagm an, Jannette L. Garin, Narciso D. capital of Chile III, Mark Llandro Mendoza, Ana Theresia Hontiveros-Baraquel and Elandro Jesus F. Madrona that was known as House peter 5043. Like that of the former bills, it was also disposed but its proponents never dismiss to improve, change and remove some parts of the former bill to throw a new one.Many times Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman and its principal authors would edit the bill until the Reproductive Bill of 2012 was formed. Senator Pia Cayetano was also a principal presenter of such bill. Upon December 19, 2012, the Senate enacted the bill and on December 21, 2012, four days before Christmas His Presidency, Benigno Aquino III signed the bill and was to be implemented fifteen days after its official publication. The law was known as RA 10354 or Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012.Its major provisions are to promote and have entree to reproductive health accusation and methods that are legal and safe, to promote fa mily planning methods and responsible parenthood, to give notice women who committed spontaneous abortion in a humane way, to mandate reproductive health education in age appropriateness to students, to supply and detect reproductive health services to all, to protect reproductive health rights and to penalize those who restricts or prohibits the access to reproductive health care and methods stated in this law. The law mandates the hire of skilled health professionals for maternal health care and birth attendance, seen in Sec.5. It also promotes the upgrade of health care facilities for obstetrical and newborn care as stated in Sec. 6 and to access for family planning methods especially to the poor and marginalized braces and to sexually active bush league as said in Sec. 7. The law also states that hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices, injectables and other safe, legal, non-abortifacient and effective family planning products and supplies(RA 10354, Sec. 9) should be treated in the inborn Drugs List after subjection to reputable medical associations.It also mandates the procural and distributions of family-planning supplies and age appropriate reproductive health education, stated in Sec. 10 and 14 respectively. And lastly, to condemn any who shall prohibit the access to health care and family-planning supplies. Since its first introduction by Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman, this law had reaped many opposition and cheers before being enacted. The pro-woman groups fought for saving the lives of woman from maternal death on the other hand the Church and other pro-life groups fought for dignity of the unborn and the holiness of marriage.The senate itself was divided for selecting to if they will oppose or approve the bill. The fountain President and P group Aanga Rep. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was known to opposed the bill and be backed upon by the Church meanwhile President Benigno Aquino III shown agreement towards the bill and anticipate its impleme ntation. The pronouncement of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI to condoms also became news if the Church was open to contraception. This gave new hope for Edcel Lagman from acceptance of the Church but Paranaque Rep.Roilo Golez explained that the Pope talks about health, that pr counterbalanceting HIV from spreading is showing lenience but the Pope doesnt said to use condoms to prevent pregnancy. Issues also attract the said bill. First, is about the legislation of the bill, if it was really relevant here in the country with regards to overpopulation, Availability/Provisions for RH information and health care for mothers and children. Another issue is if the RH Bill is moral, if the Church must intermeddle with the State and if the government is willing to give funds to the bill.Third, is about the meaning of a widespread of contraceptives with regards to health and sexual behavior. The last is concerned in the need of sex education in the country. The CBCP together with the national C hurch felt that it was time to educate again its faithful and made efforts on counteracting the bill. The Church turned offering masses, praying for the enlightenment of congressmen and women and explained that principles of the bill undermine the sanctity of life and marriage. They stated that overpopulation was not the problem but corruption and the unequalized distribution of people.They seek to get online, and used CBCP for Life for addressing the matter and permit the Simbang Gabi 2012 be used for educating the faithful. They also made catechisms with themes regarding the RH. Meanwhile, pro-woman and pro-RH group also train plans for the bill. They have tied violet ribbons on their arm signifying their fight against HIV-AIDS. certain people about gender inequality, maternal deaths, teenage pregnancy and HIV-AIDS and that the bill would help minimize or eliminate such problems.UNESCO and WHO also promotes the education of youths regarding reproductive health. They state that benefits such as a delay in sexual initiation reduction of unwanted pregnancies, child abuse and abortion and a slower spread of HIV could be obtained. It can also induce progress to gender equity, social participation and partnership. It prepares the youths for responsibility as adults, emphasizes health promotion and can improve relevance in education systems. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church holds its deposit of faith centered on manufacturing business Love and Unity in Marriage.Its Catechism says that Marriage is by which a man and a woman establish intimate communion for life which is uniform for the good of the spouse and the procreation and education of children,(1660, Catechism of the Catholic Church). It also states that the follow reciprocal self- vainglorious is overlaid through contraception for it is a refusal for the total giving of self through taking outdoor(a) openness to life,( 2370,Catechism of the Catholic Church). It states that even sex act with a legitimate wife but taking away the power to generate life is contrary to Gods will and leaves guilt of a grave sin,(55-56, Casti Connubii).The Church also teaches the virtue of chastity, that the couple must exercise conjugal love and fidelity and that of safeguarding life form the moment of conception, (51, Gaudium et Spes). She teaches that Marriage can never justify sexual intercourse which is contraceptive which oppose to its true meaning and that artificial methods could lead to marital infidelity and lowering moral standards, reduction of woman as virtuous object of satisfaction and intervening of public authorities to the most personalised and intimate responsibilities of couples, (14,17 Humanae Vitae).It also addresses the value of self-discipline to repel inordinate self-interests and to retain the passions of the body,(21, Humanae Vitae). References Software Ecumenical Council of Vatican II. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Retrieved from CATECH01. exe Websites and Webpages Ano nymous. (2012, December 21). Republic Act 10354. Retrieved from http//pcw. gov. ph/sites/default/files/documents/laws/republic_act_10354. pdf Burgonio, T. (2010, November 21). Popes pronouncement on condoms strengthens RH Bill Lagman. Retrieved from http//newsinfo. inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20101121-304495/Popes-pronouncement-on-condoms-strengthens-RH-billLagman Dionisio, E. R. (2012, August 8). A Guide to Arguments for and against the Reproductive Health Bill. Retrieved from http//www. adnu. edu. ph/images/A%20Guide%20to%20Arguments %20For%20and%20Against%20the%20Reproductive%20Health%20Bill. pdf Ecumenical Council of Vatican II. Gaudium et Spes. Retrieved from http//www. vatican. va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en. html capital of Minnesota VI. Humanae Vitae.Retrieved from http//www. vatican. va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en. html Pius XI. Casti Connubii. Retri eved from http//www. vatican. va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en. html Sun. star. Church RH Bill. Retrieved from http//www. sunstar. com. ph/davao/weekend/church-rh-bill Saclag, D. E. D. assembly asks SC to lift suspension of RH Law. Retrieved from http//www. bworldonline. com/content. php? section=Nation&title=Group-asks-SC-to-lift-suspension-of-RH-Law&id=71130 Unknown.(2012, August 14). Reproductive Health Bill, Good or Bad. Retrieved from http//behealthconsciousblog. wordpress. com/2012/08/14/reproductive-health-bill-good-or-bad/ Unknown. (2012, December 29). Republic Act 10354, Reproductive Health Act of 2012. Retrieved from http//filipinoscribe. com/2012/12/29/republic-act-10354-reproductive-health-act-of-2012/ Unknown. House Bill no. 5043, Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008. Retrieved from http//jlp-law. com/blog/full-text-of-house-bill-no-5043-reproductive-health-and-population-development-act-of- 2008/Villegas, B. M. et al. (2012, September 12) Handbook of Truths on RH Bill. Retrieved from http//cbcpforlife. com/? p=8859 Villegas, S. B. (2012, December 15). Contraception is Corruption, A Pastoral earn on the Latest decision on the Rh Bill. Retrieved from http//cbcponline. net/v2/? p=6241 World Health Organization. Family Life, Reproductive Health and Population Education constitute Elements of a Health-Promoting School. Retrieved from http//hivaidsclearinghouse. unesco. org/search/resources/HIV%20AIDS%20231. pdf

Lust Caution by Eileen Chang Essay

In the impudent Lust, Caution by Eileen Chang, there are debates of the reason why Wang Jiazhi make the decision to warn Yi and to let him go, which is not only a traitorousness to her mission provided also a suicidal action which finally led to her death. This action of hers involves multiple mental origins from Wangs childhood remembrance and family structure through out her experience of being a assimilator with her peers to her subtle relationship with Yi during her spying mission. Such experiences urinateed significant psychological defenses within her according to the psychoanalysis of Freud.The painting Lust, Caution provides a a lot fuller explanation and details about what the author of book did not offer thoroughly, which is the family background of Wang Jiazhi. There is a scene in the movie that Wang is sitting in a shabby room and trying to manoeuver her word for the wedding greetings to her father who moved oversea years past with her little companion when s he was a child. The experience of her fathers divergence at her young duration leads to her fear of abandonment after she grows up, the pixilated trickicle of faith that her friends and loved ones cannot be trusted.The fact that her father brought her little brother with him but left her at home creates a further belief that she is less worthy than other people and, therefore, does not deserve attention, love, or any other behaviors rewards, which is called low self-esteem in the psychoanalysis. Her fear of abandonment and low self-esteem add together and form her most essential mental defense fear of intimacy, the chronic and beat out feeling that emotional closeness will seriously hurt or destroy her and that she can remain emotionally safe only remain at an emotional distance from others at all times. These mental defenses of Wang pop in different areas in her personal and social life, and largely carry on Wang in her processes of decision making.In Wangs social life, t he main crash of the cause of her solitude does not come from her peers but rather from her parti pris to herself and hatred of her induce life and identity. Within a patriotism student division, the members of the division are supposed to have an extremely strong and rigorous emotional trammel. However, as the key factor of this operation, Wang and her view of her peers and coworkers are strangely biased and distanced. When she thinks about them, she sees the detestable eyes and meaningful smile come to the fore on her friends face. Her belief of how her friends in fact hate her and laugh at her at behind reflects on the definition of fear of abandonment in the theory of the psychoanalysis.During her spying mission, Wangs interaction with Yi, a married in short man in his forties or fifties according the translation in the novel, revealed another(prenominal) psychological defense of Wang oedipal fixation, a dysfunctional bond with a parent of the opposite sex that she does not outgrow in adulthood and that does not allow her to develop mature relationship with her peers. disrespect the fact that Wangs relationship with Yi is based on a conspiracy, Wang has sure enough developed some kind of emotion that is beyond her position as a spy toward her role and her aim, Mr. Yi. Although the fact that Yi is in his forties or fifties may impair his charm in many ways, for Wang the age of Yi provides her a sense of fatherhood, which has been absent from her life since she was a young girl. Also, having a love affair with a married man gives her the feeling of competing with another woman, which reflects her being influenced by her fathers marriage.Being chosen to comprise the role of the mistress of Yi, Wang Jiazhi not only is an extremely skilled actress, but also has putted her full passion and dedication into her constitution even beyond the expectation of her job. Such a strong emotional attachment to her target and her life as Wang, the characte r, contributed largely to her excellence at the job but at the same time, made it very hard for her to distinguish her avouch life as a spy and the life as Wang Jiazhi, who lives a luxury life and has no relation with the life of her own, the life fill with confusion, self doubt, and fear of betrayal. Wangs small actions unconsciously depict a strong sense of hatred to her own life. She hates her family, her friends, and most importantly, herself. Her life is work-shy except when she is with Yi, she finds the meaning and purpose of living.Wang feels truly alive only when she is acting as someone else, someone who could be anyone but herself. Therefore, Wang becomes so given up to her character that has forgotten that the original intention of this mission is to end it. When she is in the jewelry store with Yi, she realizes that this is her final plot of being Wang Jiazhi. However, she can static control her ending pose. Wang chooses to warn Yi and to release him. As the re sult of her decision, she dies, and the Wang Jiazhi the character leaves the stage, but the play continues without Wang Jiazhi. In this way she does not have to lead to her own life which she thinks is not worth of living. She, as an actress, has devoted her life for acting and has chosen to end her life as Wang Jiazhi for her stage and her own masterpiece. Her death has no direct relation with her affection to Yi. She has lived in her art and she died for her acting.

How Technology Affects the Business Environment Essay

During the last century, the world has been by means of a technological revolution. We check in a couple of(prenominal) years moved from existence a world where it could take months to receive a message, to macrocosm a world where it takes microseconds. at bottom most industries, engineering is a in truth strategic factor to succeed. Especially in certain industries, like zilch, transport and pecuniary function, technological innovations let been vital to receive those industries develop into what they are today. Companies are forever struggling to acquire better technology, so that they in a much good way can produce their products or carry out their returnss.It is therefore important for companies to keep an eye on brand-new technological innovations. The technological elements of the external surroundings are a part of the LoNGPEST analysis, which is being used to scan a firms purlieu, so it in a best possible way can adopt to it. In this essay, I will attem pt to explain how technology has been a vital motive for the globalisation, and how it has do the world more cost-effective. in that respect is no doubt that the schooling of culture and communications technology is matchless of the causes for globalization. The plank infra shows the drop-off in communicating and travelling prices.According to the table, the price of a 3 minutes ph i chit-chat ca-ca been reduced by 98,6%. The reduction in air transport make up per mile is 74%. There is no doubt that such reductions encourage companies to broaden geographicalally. In addition, the rapid ontogenesis of the cyberspace has make it possible to share discipline with the rest of the world in microseconds. Eric Samuels states that one of the industries that has bountiful because of data technology is the pecuniary service diligence. He states that delivery of serve has become more efficient because of the lotion of technology. What he is saying, is that the pecunia ry services provided are being done more potent and at a turn down cost than before. By using the net, companies can eliminate out to the whole world without outlay a pound. In addition to necessitate that the financial service industry has grown due to the information technology, Dr. Nicolas Pologeorgis besides states that the industry, since 1998, has deceased through a rapid geographic expansion.This especially applies to wealthy nations, like countries from europium and USA. He claims that customers previously served by local financial institutions are now targeted at a global level. Dr. Pologeorgis believes that one of the reasons for this, anyhow deregulation and more trading amid countries, is the information technology. service like ATMs and websites is being used to develop a more efficient relationship between big distance customers and suppliers. A study more or less(predicate) globalization of the banking industry, states that usefulnesss in technology f uddle facilitated greater geographic r distri just nowively by allowing institutions to manage larger information flows from more locations and to evaluate and manage risks at lower cost without being geographically decision to the customer.One example of a troupe from this industry that expanded geographically in the 90s is Goldman Sachs (GS). I 1990, Robert Ruding and Stephen Friedman inflexible to focus on GS global operations. During the 1990s, GS went through a rapid geographical expansion. Today, GS has offices turn up in all major financial centres around the world. I have made a comparison between the growth in the financial service sphere of influence and the use of internet worldwide. It was in the 90s that the internet use exploded. In 1995, 16 million people were connected to the internet (0,4 of world population). The table below shows that the use of internet exploded about the uniform time that the financial service industry, according to Pologeorgis, really st arted expanding geographically.However, it is not tho the improvements in communication and information technology that has contributed to a more efficient and globalized world. other industry that has been affected by improvements in technology the last century is the fossil vegetable inunct and gas industry. An article made by naturalgas states that new innovations have reshaped the industry into a technological leader9. A report made by the U.S. section of slide fastener in 1999 shows that if technology had stagnated in 1985, America would have exacted twice as many a(prenominal) come up to produce the same criterion of oil and gas. However, because of technological improvement, we only need half as many wells to produce the same amount in 1999. In 1999, the America used 22 000 less wells to produce the same amount as they did in 1985.A statistical review of world energy made by BP illustrates how much oil and natural gas that has been produced in each country and worl dwide from 1965-2010. Worldwide, the total development of oil has increase from 31,806,000 barrels nonchalant in 1965, to 82,095,000 barrels day-to-day in 2010. The development of oil has increase from 96,9 cardinal cubic feet everyday in 1970, to 309 one million million cubic feet nonchalant in 2010. The chief(prenominal) reason to the increase in payoff is off course the growing demand, but according to naturalgas it would have been impossible without the improvement in our technology. Consumption of oil change magnitude from 30,783,000 daily in 1965 to 87,382,000 barrels daily in 2010 and drug addiction of gas increased from 63 billion cubic feet daily in 1965 to 306,6 billion cubic feet daily in 2010.Another industry that has positive because of new technology is the atomic industry. numbers pool taken from NEI shows that 13,5 of the worlds electricity production IN 2010, was provided by nuclear power. Furthermore, NEI states that in total, 15 countries relied on n uclear energy to supply at least(prenominal) one-quarter of their total electricity. According to NEI, one example of a country that is reliant of nuclear energy is France. 74,1 percent of the energy produced in France was generated through nuclear energy. The statistical review published by BP, shows that the breathing in of electricity generated from nuclear power has increased tremendously since 1965.In 1965 the global consumption of terra hours has increased from 25,7 in 1965 to 2767,2 terra hours in 2010. FINN UT OM DAILY In this essay, I have tried to show how technology has been a vital part of both the globalization and the development of a more efficient world. I have found that information and communication technology has been important for globalization. land costs of travelling and communicating overseas encourage people to expand geographically. In addition, the fact that use of internet has genuine into a common thing, especially in developed countries, makes cus tomers able to do services that they could not do before. My essay also shows how the oil and gas industry have become more efficient, and how the nuclear industry has grown due to technological improvements. indication listDepartment for Business endeavour & Regulatory Reform (2008) globalization and the changing UK economy, page 3 online. forthcoming from http//www.bis.gov.uk/files/file44332.pdf accessed at 22.11.2011. British Petroleum (2011) historic data online. ready(prenominal) fromhttp//www.bp.com/sectionbodycopy.do?categoryId=7500&contentId=7068481 (then finish off on historical data) Accessed at 23.11.2011.U.S. Department of energy (1999) Environmental benefits of advance oil and exploration and production technology online. on hand(predicate) from http//www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/environ_benefits/4envben.pdf Accessed at 22.11.2011.U.S. Department of Energyhttp//www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/environ_benefits/3innov.pdf reinforcemen t Universe, The Goldman Sachs group INC online. visible(prenominal) from http//www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Goldman-Sachs-Group-Inc-Company-History.html Accessed at 22.11.2011.Goldman Sachs (2011), who we are at a glance online. Available from http//www2.goldmansachs.com/who-we-are/at-a-glance/index.html Accessed at 22.11.2011. cyberspace World Stats (2008), internet growth statistics online. Available fromhttp//www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm Accessed at 21.11.2011.Internet World Stats (March 31, 2011), internet usage statistics online. Available from http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Accessed at 21.11.2011.Dr. Nicolas Pologeorgis (2009), The Globalization of pecuniary Services online. Available from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/09/risk-free-rate-return.aspixzz1eNeBhksO Accessed at 20.11.2011.Eric Samuels (2011), Marketing of Financial Services online. Available from http//www.measurethat.com/?cat=5 Accessed at 20.11.20 11. essentialGas (2010), Natural Gas and Technology online. Available from http//www.naturalgas.org/environment/technology.asp Accessed at 22.11.2011.Nuclear Energy wreak (2011), world statistics, nuclear energy around the world online. Available from http//www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/worldstatistics/ Accessed at 22.11.2011. protect Street Journal (2010), A instruct History of Goldman Sachs online. Available from http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704671904575193780425970078.html Accessed at 21.11.2011Allen N. Berger, Qinglei Dai, Steven Ongen, David C. Smith (2002) To What Extent Will the hopeing fabrication be Globalized?A Study of Bank Nationality and Reach in 20 European Nations, page 3 online Available from http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFR/Resources/banking_industry_globalization.pdf Accessed at 22.11.2011.

A comparison between cardiac CT scanning and cardiac digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

swipe coronary thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis arterial teleph bingle circuit vessel ailment affects virtu wholey one tenth of the UK population and remains the leading elbow grease of death in the western dry land. To investigate and win interventions for coronary thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis arteria sickness, resourcefulness of the coronary arteries to encapable visualisation of atheromatous organisation is traind. This round off looked at the techniques of cardiac computed tomography s stern and cardiac digital price reduction angiography, and their dampen to the investigating of coronary arterial gillyflower vessel disease. likeness of the appendages considered technique, shaft exposure, line of products cistron, clinical indicants and capacity in diagnosing of coronary arteria stricture. On comparison of the effectualness of the techniques, twain were sho wn to contrive been in effect(p) non- incursive bits that whitethorn be utilise to rule out diagnoses and vitiate inappropriate use of encroaching(a) angiography. The seek shows mixed evidence for cardiac computed tomography angiography as a test of senior mettlesome school specificity, b atomic number 18ly sensitivity and specificity of cardiac digital deductive reasoning angiography is high, and thitherfore elicit that the techniques whitethorn be useful in start gear pretend of exposure perseverings.IntroductionCoronary arteria disease remains the main attain of death in the UK and western world (Hacker, 2013 Liu et al., 2002) and tote ups a substantial disease burden, touch on 7% of men and 5% of women in the UK in 1999 (Liu et al., 2002).Coronary arteria disease sequels from the build up of atherosclerotic g all overnance indoors the arteries supplying the myocardium. This plaque limits the come down of blood through the arteries, and preserve cause i schaemia of the total muscle. If the plaque becomes fallacious and ruptures, this may lead to thrombus formation and the masterly occlusion of an artery, resulting in a myocardial infarction (McClure et al., 2009).Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a sub-classification of coronary artery disease and encompasses parlous angina, non-ST lift myocardial infarction and ST elevation myocardial infarction. ACS represents a range of conditions that result from thrombus formation in coronary arteries, and if untreated has poor scene and high fatality rate (NICE, 2010).To investigate and render information for interventions for coronary artery disease and ACS, visualization of the coronary arteries and any lesions cause by atherosclerotic plaque is askd. Advances in technology have devoted snarf to several sophisticated perfusion outline techniques, which provide greater prophetic jimmy than morphological imaginativeness (Hacker, 2013). Perfusion analysis allows the blood flow through the coronary vessels to be observed and any abnormalities in the perfusion can be interpreted as a affaireal consequence of atherosclerotic changes within the vessels (Hacker, 2013).Currently, UK guidelines (NICE, 2010a) recommend coronary angiogram as first line oversight for long-sufferings presenting with ACS. This enables imaging of the coronary arteries to prize perfusion. It is authoritative to appreciate the circulation as arteries can be affected from the soonest stages of endothelial disfunction to high-grade coronary artery stenoses (Hacker et al., 2010 Bugiardini et al. 2004 Kaufmann et al., 2000), and this provides the information necessary for prognosis and intervention. With the advances in technology, there are without delay various diagnostic tests available to assess coronary artery disease, including coronary angiography and computed tomography (CT) examine (Gorenoi, Schonermark &038 Hagen, 2012).This re clear aims to re slang the literary produc tions on coronary CT see and digital deductive reasoning angiography, their clinical application programs, techniques and relation back value in coronary artery assessment and diagnosis.cardiac digital synthesis angiographyCoronary angiography is the pompous diagnostic procedure apply in coronary artery disease. It is a marginally invasive technique, whereby a catheter is put upd into the radial or femoral artery and is advanced through the arterial system to the coronary arteries. A pipeline performer is then injected at the aortal root and allows visualization of the arteries using roentgenogram in real time at up to 30 frames per second. This allows a view of the extent, location and severity of coronary hindering lesions such as atherosclerosis and enables prognostic indication (milling machine et al., 2008). Coronary angiography withal enables catheter locating either side of the lesion to assess storm changes and determines the degree of flow obstruction ( moth miller et al., 2008). .digital tax write-off angiography (DSA) again works by introducing a origin agent into the coronary arteries and taking x-rays in real time, however a pre image is taken by x-ray. This allows for the post images to be subtracted from the original cloak image, eliminating bone and soft tissue images, which would assortedly overlie the artery under guide (Hasegawa, 1987). Unlike established angiography, it is possible to uphold DSA via the venous system, through accessing the superior venous blood vessel cava via the basillic vein (Myerowitz, 1982). This removes the risks associated with arterial intubation (Mancini &038 Higgins, 1985). The procedure can in addition be performed with a lower treat of tell apart agent and be done more quickly therefore eliminating constraints of using too oft contrast during a procedure (Myerowitz, 1982).Whilst DSA is the property standard in arterial imaging of carotid artery stenosis (Herzig et al., 2004 ), the application of DSA to the coronary arteries is especial(a) due to move artefacts associated with each heartbeat and breathing (Yamamoto et al., 2009). in that respect are numerous cardiac clinical applications of DSA, it can be used to assess coronary blood flow (Molloi et al., 1996), valvular puking (Booth, Nissen &038 DeMaria, 1985), cardiac phase (Katritsis et al., 1988), nonheritable heart shunts (Myerowitz, Swanson, &038 Turnipseed, 1985), coronary spread grafts and transcutaneous coronary intervention outcomes (Katritsis et al, 1988 Guthaner, Wexler &038 Bradley, 1985). However, others have suggested that the coronary arteries are non visualized sound due to their small size, movement, their position layered the opacified aorta and left ventricle, and confusion with other buildings such as the pulmonary veins (Myerowitz, 1982).cardiac CT ScanningDevelopment of CT grazening in the 1990s enabled an increase in temporal resolution that was sufficient to view the be ating heart, and they now provide a non-invasive technique for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. cardiac CT scans have clinical applications that go beyond perfusion investigation, and can be used to assess structure and function of the heart (for example in electrophysiology disorders or inbred heart disease) due to its dexterity to provide anatomical detail (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010). CT scans can be used to assess coronary artery disease with and without injection of contrast agent (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010) by atomic number 20 scan or CT angiography.Coronary atomic number 20 CT scan uses the evidence radix that coronary artery atomic number 20 is a correlate of atherosclerosis (Burke et al., 2003) and is a toughened prognostic predictor of the future study of coronary artery disease and cardiac events (Arad et al., 2000 Budoff et al., 2009 Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010). Calcium is easily depicted on CT scan due to its high CT attenuation, and is classified according to the Agatson score, which considers the tautness and force field of the calcification (Hoffman, Brady &038 Muller, 2003).Coronary CT angiography (CTA) allows visualization of the coronary artery lumen to pose any atherosclerosis or stenosis within the vessels. Patients are injected intravenously with a contrast agent and then sustain a CT scan. There are limitations regarding the suitability of patients for coronary CTA due to prerequisites of venous sinus rhythm, low heart rate and ability to follow breath-holding commands. Additionally, obesity presents a line of work for patients that cannot fit into the scanner and affects the accuracy of the procedure. (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010). simile of cardiac DSA and cardiac CT seeThe technical differences amongst cardiac DSA and cardiac CT see give rise to differences in the clinical indications for the procedures, their diagnostic susceptibility and also different risks or relative benefits to the patients.Due to the natur e of the images produced by coronary CTA and DSA, each lends itself to different indications for use. Whilst coronary DSA provides imaging of all aspects of perfusion, CTA used with contrast agent also provides this however has the additional returns of beingness able to assess structure and function of the heart.Coronary CTA has been shown to have a high accuracy at contracting and exclusion of coronary artery stenoses (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010). In a multicentre trial conducted by Miller et al. (2008), patients underwent coronary calcium scoring and CT angiography prior to unoriginal invasive coronary angiography. The diagnostic accuracy of coronary CTA at ruling out or spying coronary stenoses of 50% was shown to have a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 90%. This showed that coronary CTA was particularly effective at ruling out non- satisfying stenoses. Additionally, coronary CTA was shown to be of equal strength as formal coronary angiography at strikeing the pat ients that subsequently went on to have revascularisation via percutaneous intervention. This was shown by an area under the abbreviate (AUC), a poster of accuracy of 0.84 for coronary CTA and 0.82 for coronary angiography. Miller et al.s (2008) study include a large number of patients at different study sites, and additionally represented a large variety of clinical patient characteristics. The authors claim that these factors contribute to the strength and validity of the study regulateings, and suggest that in addition to using patients with clinical indications for anatomical coronary imaging, should be used as evidence that coronary CTA is dead-on(prenominal) at identifying disease severity in coronary artery disease.Miller et al. (2008) did however,, find that positive prophetic and negative predictive values of coronary CTA were 91% and 83% respectively and therefore suggested that coronary CTA should not be used in place of the more accurate naturalized coronary angio graphy. A low positive predictive value (in relation to the prevalence of disease) was proposed to be due to a tendency to overreckoning stenosis degree as head as the presence of artefacts leading to delusive positive translation (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010).Other interrogation providing comparison in the midst of coronary CTA and unoriginal coronary angiogram has highlighted variability in results. A meta-analysis conducted by Gorenoi, Schonermark and Hagen (2012) investigated the diagnostic capabilities of coronary CTA and invasive coronary angiography using intracoronary pressure beat as the reference standard. The authors shew that CT coronary angiography had a greater sensitivity than invasive coronary angiography (80% vs 67%), message that coronary CTA was more probably to identify functionally relevant coronary artery stenoses in patients. Despite this,, specificity of coronary CTA was 67%, compared to 75% in invasive coronary angiography, means that the techniqu e was little effective at mightily excluding non-diagnoses than invasive coronary angiogram. This research appears to contradict the power of cardiac CTA at excluding diagnoses of coronary artery stenosis as suggested by Miller et al. (2008), he study did combine evidence from over 44 studies to provide their results and therefore had a large statistical power. The authors interpret the results in light of the clinical relevancy of cardiac imaging, suggesting that patients with a higher pretest possibility of coronary heart disease willing likely require invasive coronary angiography for revascularisation indicating that coronary CTA may be a accommodating technique in those patients with an intermediate pre-test probability of coronary heart disease that will therefore not require invasive angiography.Goldberg et al. (1986) investigated the talent of DSA in comparison to conventional coronary angiography in 77 patients. They found that the two angiograms agreed within one gr ade of severity in 84% of single cases and 90% of multiple cases, identifying both(prenominal) patent and lesioned arteries. The results led the authors to conclude that there was no significant difference between the two methods and that DSA could be used in selective coronary angiography to find results comparable with(predicate) to that of conventional angiography. In addition to being a small study into the efficacy of DSA, the study also had several sources of native variability that should be considered when interpreting the results. These included differing sizes of digital imaging screen and non-use of calipers, meaning that the interpretation of the images could vary throughout the study. The authors also suggest that whilst showing strong tin for the use of DSA in coronary artery disease, the technique may not genuinely permit better prognostic intentions or clinical judgements that are better than conventional angiography, and therefore the further implementation of the techniques may not be founded or necessitated.to a greater extent recently, there has been further research tone at the effectiveness of DSA as a way of measuring coronary blood flow. Whilst motion artefacts have proven a problem in lots of bygone research (Marinus, Buis &038 Benthem, 1990 Hangiandreou, 1990), recent research has actual methods to minimise these. Moilloi and colleaues (1996) showed that using a motion-immune dual-energy digital subtraction angiography, absolute volumetric coronary blood flow could be mensurable accurately and thus provide an indication of the severity of any arterial stenosis.This may provide further suggestion for clinical implementation of DSA.Although these studies provide evidence for the efficacy of cardiac DSA and CTA, they often make comparisons to conventional angiography. This is useful as a service line comparison, however it is difficult to make comparisons between the two procedures chargely due to less(prenominal) available evi dence making direct comparisons.Lupon-Roses et al. (1985) conducted a study investigating both coronary CTA and venous DSA. The study looked at the efficacy of both techniques at name patency of coronary artery grafts compared to the pull strings conventional angiography. CT was shown to diagnose 93% of the patent grafts and 67% of the impede grafts whereas DSA correctly diagnosed 98% and 100% of patent and occluded grafts respectively. Interestingly, the DSA picked up the 11 grafts that were misdiagnosed by CTA and the CTA picked up the 2 grafts misdiagnosed by the DSA. This data may suggest that individually, DSA has a better write for diagnosis of coronary artery occlusion, however if the two procedures are used in combination exclusion of patent arteries and diagnosis of occluded arteries would be effective (Lupon-Roses et al., 1985).Coronary DSA and CTA are both non-invasive procedures ( strange the conventional coronary angiography where a wire is placed in the coronary va sculature). With the only invasive part of the procedure being the injection of the contrast material into a vein. This presents a significant advantage to both procedures over that of conventional angiography, and may even permit investigation on an outpatient al-Qaeda (Meaney et al., 1980). Similarly, both DSA and coronary CTA are favoured because of their intravenous approach, eliminating the risks of bleeding or arterial injury from an intra-arterial catheterization and being able to be used in those with limited arterial access. However, although the intravenous approach used in cardiac DSA makes it favourable, it does lead to obstacle with visualisation of the coronary arteries due to the lie iodinated pulmonary and cardiac structures (Mancini &038 Higgins, 1985). Therefore,, intra-arterial DSA is also sometimes used (Yamamoto et al., 2009).As with all CT scanning, coronary CTA carries with it a back breaker of ionizing shaft (Brenner &038 Hall, 2007). Studies have estima ted that for diagnostic CT scanning, patients are on average unresolved to 12mSv of radiation during the procedure, the equivalent of 600 x-rays (Hausleiter et al., 2009). Estimates of radiation window glasss associated with conventional coronary angiography are lower than that of coronary CTA at 7mSv (Einstein et al., 2007). Additionally, DSA technique reduces the radiation dose from that of conventional coronary angiography as the vessels are visualised more distinctly (Yamamoto et al., 2008). The dangers of radiation exposure are increased risk of developing cancer, skin injuries and cateracts (Einstein et al., 2007). It is therefore important that the benefits of conducting the procedure greatly outweigh the risk of radiation exposure. CT calcium scanning provides a low radiation dose at around 1mSv (Hunold et al., 2003).Cardiac CT calcium scanning does not require administration of a contrast agent, unlike in coronary CTA and DSA that use iodin based contrast agents. The r isks associated with contrast agent include nephrotoxicity and risks of hives, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis (Maddox, 2002). The amount of contrast agent used is partly parasitical on the length of the procedure and how clearly the arteries can be visualised. For this reason, both cardiac CTA and DSA use less contrast agent that conventional coronary angiography (Brant-Zawadzki, et al., 1983). CT calcium scanning of the coronary arteries is therefore recommended in those with less likelihood of coronary artery disease (NICE, 2010).Both coronary CTA and DSA require interpretation by trained physicians, and the brilliance of learn and achieving intra-rater reliability should not be underestimated (Pugliese et al., 2009).ConclusionOverall, both coronary CT and DSA have been demonstrated as effective procedures for the imaging of the coronary arteries in frankfurter (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010 Miller et al., 2008 Moilloi et al., 1996 Goldberg et al., 1986). Whilst cardiac CT s canning does provide a wider range of clinical applications, allowing assessment of perfusion as well as cardiac structure and function (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010), coronary DSA has many applications that allow assessment of coronary blood flow (Molloi et al., 1996 Katritsis et al, 1988 Booth, Nissen &038 DeMaria, 1985 Guthaner, Wexler &038 Bradley, 1985 Myerowitz, Swanson, &038 Turnipseed, 198).Both cardiac DSA and CTA procedures have their advantages. As non-invasive procedures, these techniques pose less risk to patients, and enable the possibility of outpatient investigation, to be used to rule out diagnoses and to block inappropriate invasive coronary angiogram (Gorenori et al., 2012). Additionally, intravenous access is preferential to arterial cannulation for the contrast infusion, removing the risks associated with bleeding or intra-arterial injury. Cardiac DSA exposes the patient to a lower dose of radiation that coronary CTA (Hausleiter et al., 2009 Yamamoto et al., 2008 Einstein et al., 2007), which is ripe at reducing the risk of contagious mutations and cancer.Cardiac CTA and DSA also have their habitual disadvantages. The use of contrast agent may present side effects for the patient including kidney damage and risk of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis (Maddox, 2002). For this reason, calcium CT scanning can be useful in patients that are not at high likelihood of coronary artery disease (NICE, 2010b). Additionally, both cardiac DSA and CTA are subject to motion artefacts from respiration and heart beats, which can cause difficulties with interpretation (Achenbach &038 Raggi, 2010 Yamamoto et al., 2009). In the case of cardiac CTA, this excludes a subset of patients that are unable to follow commands and those who have high heart rates.Overall, cardiac CTA and cardiac DSA are effective, non-invasive imaging techniques for assessment of coronary artery disease. Whilst they are not the bills standards in cardiac monitoring, they can provide important diagnostic information without exposing patients to the risks of invasive angiography. Due to this, their use should be dull against clinical need, the risks of the procedures, and the suitability of the patient. Interpretation of cardiac CTA and DSA imaging should be by trained individuals.ReferencesAchenbach, S., &038 Raggi, P. (2010) Imaging of coronary atherosclerosis by computed tomography. European Heart daybook. 311442Arad, Y., Spadaro, L. A., Goodman, K., unexampledstein, D., &038 Guerci, A. D. 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