Harlem Literary Warriors

The legacies of slavery, freedom and racism continuously linger in the pages of history.   African American literature blatantly caters varied stories of experiences of those who had been witnesses of the struggles in the Renaissance time (Fabre and Feith).It was a time when the frustrations, desires, sentiments and everything that had been felt by those who felt that they were being oppressed were established in the form of literary pieces established in publications for the purpose of being heard (McKay and Gates).The lame fact of that certain point of time is that it had been a time of agony and doom for some of those who had their heart on writing.   The oppression and deprivation reached up to the point of not being able to be recognized in the field which they wanted to be a part of (Jones).Blacks were not considered as a part of the society, enjoying the privileges which had been sought by those who believed that they were above their race (Jones).   It felt like they we re hooked on a string like puppets.Zora Neale Hurston UnleashedKnown as a woman of deep interest on anything under the sun with a seminal figure of the vintage Harlem Renaissance; celebrated writer, anthropologist and part-time singer actress, shared her skills in the literary world by writing short stories, essays, novels, plays tackling different subjects aimed in enticing the eyes of the empathic masses (Kaplan).However, her classical works have not been published and produced given such reason that a lot of people in her time were considerably beyond her reach, a reason why here works were not often given credit (Nelson).But fate was not as bad as to how it could have seemed, in the person of Wallace Thurman, she was given the chance to share her masterpieces in literature and aside from that, a deeper sense of connectivity lingered but unfortunately soured which was even published forcefully negative against her in an autobiography (Kaplan).Succession of her worksObscurity swal lowed her being leading to a sad death.   If questions ought to pop out in mind for such confusion on how her works came out in the scene, Alice Walker’s succession among Hurston’s works is most likely the most suitable answer (Hurston; Kaplan).Hurston’s Political RhetoricHurston’s imperialistic and political stand in her works portrayed an array of incongruous arguments against cultural politics.   She always believed that the cultural populism is a way of energizing a battalion of democracy (Hurston; Nelson).Community based role innovative representations tiled her echelon of praises for the flexibility of her beliefs in political deeds and perceptions.   Her folklore commitment served as driving force in linking to an authoritarian and ethnically catalyst in political idealism (Hurston; Nelson; Kaplan).Genius of the SouthHer style in writing, though often criticized for the fact that it had not been adhering to what was common and desired by the government, portrays a perfect representation of the freedom of the press, one of the rights of a state which was in her time, not given credit to; her collaboration of passionate and zealous words and her ways in revealing language as well as concealing the cores of the soul, ensemble an indulging arena of classical writing (Hurston; McKay and Gates).The oral folklore which consistently fused her rationality and narrating her life story at the same time, an example by which various authors are mimicking nowadays to catch a reader’s attention had been a breakthrough in destabilizing the mishaps of contemporary literature.   Skipping the conventionality to higher form of intellectual skill in scribbling aiming tom entice the flaming emotion of quest for freedom (Fabre and Feith).

Definition of Culture and Its Importance Essay

Human beings are considered the highest form of animals, behaving passionately social as a group, using language and understanding, and doing teamwork and intergroup rivalry. Culture then relates to everything that humans have, think and do as a member of the social group. Both existent and make-believe, humans have stuff like tools, weapons, languages, laws, music, art, material resources, technologies and systems that when taken jointly will give details of the past and describes the present. On the other hand, when ideas, values, attitudes, beliefs and ideologies are taken as a group, help explains religious partiality, political directives, mores and extensive range of social associations. In addition, humans do or perform activities among specific group or society based on nationality, religion, ethnic boundaries and even occupation and academic, which later on collectively form the prescribed accepted behavior. (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. 2002). In 1997, culture was described by Geert Hofstede in his book, Cultures and Organizations as the â€Å"software of the mind†. While individuals all have the identical â€Å"hardware†, which is the human brain, their â€Å"software† or â€Å"programming† is rather diverse. It is an identical experience when interrelating with somebody from a dissimilar culture – their language, suppositions, body language and movement, morals, and other facets of their culture will not be logical when relocated to another’s orientation structure. There are three fundamental logical reasoning when it comes to culture, namely: 1. Superiority of experience in the fine arts and humanities; 2. A combined blueprint of human knowledge, trust, and manners that relies upon the aptitude for figurative thinking and social knowledge; and 3. The set of divided outlooks, principles, purposes, and practices that distinguishes an association, society or group. According to Holt and Wigginton (2002), culture is a concept in the field of anthropology that concerns with shared structure of attitudes, way of life, ownership, traits, tradition and morals that describes group actions, which can be observed in a family, ethnic group, a business organization or a society. Authority, leadership, work attitudes and ethical practices on the part of management are influenced by this shared structure. Workers also are influenced by cultural antecedents on how they recognize and understand quality performance, work responsibilities, their function in decision-making and attitude in following orders from superior, as well as insight of human rights. The daily demeanor of workers in terms of punctuality, following rules on safety standards and personal hygiene are also affected. Slight differences between any two or more cultural groups can be observed, which therefore requires sensitivity to understand cultural differences, especially in manners of proper handling of business transactions. This way, when difficulties are encounter they will be solved readily with positive results. Understanding Differences in Culture The basic requirements for human survival are standard, which means for people to live they need water, food, clothing, housing and security. However, scarcity of these necessities compels human to creatively expand manners of acquiring them in order to give solutions to these survival problems. For simple societies, economic and social behavior consists of uncomplicated activities like looking for and cooking food, crafting clothes, building houses and rearing children. On the other hand, for developed societies, roles go beyond work and domestic related actions and extend to production and distribution of goods and services in order to sustain their big areas of responsibilities. It is essential to know that differences in culture would mean that different cultures have a diversity of styles in looking at things, ways of dressing and expressing individuality and/or goodness. Education, social rank, religion, individuality, belief composition, precedent experience, warmth shown in the domicile, and a countless of other factors will influence an individual’s manners and mores. A good deal of dissimilarities in culture has something to do with foodstuff preparation, music, and what each culture considers good manners. There are really cultural and philosophy disparities and it is fine to have an appreciation about a civilization’s way of life. Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimensions A Dutch researcher by the name of Geert Hofstede made a cross-cultural study of organizational behavior using managers from different countries to produce profile of cultural differences. This model is the most famous Hofstede’s Model composed of five dimensions namely power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and long term orientation, which gives a comparative evaluation of group attributes. Said dimensions when used jointly, provide management sensible outlook regarding contradicting values and prototypes of manners among countries and groups. Power distance as a dimension relates to the degree of human inequalities. Hierarchical position and authority are the main focuses of a culture with high power distance. Less dominant member of the society acknowledge just being subordinates, who should always follow those who are leading. In societies with high power distance as exemplified by Japan, formal authority comes from the hierarchy where employees hardly ever go against a chain of command or subject into scrutiny the decisions of top management. The reverse is true with societies like the United States, Australia and New Zealand with low power distance, where both higher-ups and subordinates coordinate their decisions with one another and authority is not a big deal. However, for societies like Great Britain, Israel and Canada in particular, though they refuse to accept parity in social level, still they value the right of each person’s accomplishment (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. , 2002). Individualism pertains to the degree of initiative in becoming independent against that of collective endeavor. Societies with high individualism placed importance on personal triumphs, advancement, escapades and self-sufficiency. This implies ignoring the extensive necessities of the society and making oneself and ones family the priority. Contradictory, culture with low degree of individualism supports family relationship, group synchronization, social order and devote to compromised ideas. Uncertainty avoidance (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. , 2002) is the degree of open-mindedness for uncertainty and ambiguity, particularly to man’s search for Truth. It means the feeling of contentment and discontentment in shapeless circumstances which are unusual, unknown and unexpected. For majority of the societies, their religious beliefs stand as their manner of knowing the Absolute Truth. Japanese culture for instance, typifies a society that avoids uncertainty by creating detailed laws and standards in consonance with the norms of the society. There are also societies with dual philosophical beliefs that they do not consider any Absolute Truth and so they accept uncertainty within their organizations. Canadians, as an example do not prioritize ceremonies and company rites unlike the Japanese. The degree of motivational behavior based on value systems that are depicted in terms of being masculine or feminine is another dimension in the Hofstede’s Model termed masculinity. The focus of the said model is not on biological perspectives; however, the behavior is portrayed using gender. In countries with high masculinity, like Japan, men work and hold top positions in organization, while women stay at home to perform household chores and nurture children. In other words, there are distinct roles that women and men do in society. The priorities of people living in societies with high masculinity are achievement, wealth and expansion. Working professionals spent much of their time in work related activities and seldom take vacations to relieve their stress. When confronted with problems, the manners of settling these conflicts are done aggressively. On the opposite, countries that score low in masculinity give significance to their family, relationships and quality of life. There is equality in terms of positions for both men and women which could be observed in all aspects of their lives. Negotiation for people in societies with low masculinity is the best way to resolve misunderstandings and disagreements. They are also fond of working in flexible hours to give way for more vacations and relaxation. The fifth and newest cultural dimension is the long term orientation, founded on the teaching of Confucius on the East. Countries with high long term orientation can be described as being persistent, thrifty, having a sense of shame and organizing and observing relationship by status. On the other hand, those cultures with short term orientation have personal control and firmness, shield ones â€Å"face†, value ritual and give back to greetings, favors, and gifts.

Questions Essay

1. What political offices were black men elected to – and not elected to –during Reconstruction? federal office,state office and local office 2. What issues most concerned black political leaders during Reconstruction? 3.Why were so many white southerners so opposed to black and white Republications exercising political power? 4. Were black political leaders unqualified to hold office so soon after the end of slavery? 5. What did black political leaders accomplish and fail to accomplish during Reconstruction? What contributed to their successes and failures? 6. Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded, and how effective was it? It was established by anti modernists. They believed that things were better in â€Å"the good old days† before the Civil War, and not only in regard to Blacks; they also felt that a woman’s place was in the home.The Klan was effective in systematically keeping black men away from the polls, so that the ex Confederate gained political control in many states. 7. What was the Fifteenth Amendment enacted? The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the â€Å"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude 8. How and why did black and white Republicans lose control of every southern state by 1877? The old conservative democrats regained the state governments. Also, blacks, who back then unanimously voted Republican, were beginning to be disenfranchised. 9. Why did the Republican Party fail to maintain control of southern state governments during Reconstruction? 10. How and why did Reconstruction end? Reconstruction ended because of the compromise of 1877. It was an unwritten agreement that stated Hayes would win the presidency, if he were to remove troops from southern states(political).Reconstruction also failed because many people in the south did not want to accept a life different from what they were used to soical. 11. How effective was Reconstruction in assisting black people to move from slavery to freedom? How effective was it in restoring southern states to the Union?

Knowledge, Truth, Belief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Knowledge, Truth, Belief - Assignment Example A properly basic belief should be justifiable. For example, I believe man cannot live without eating food. It is justifiable that man has always had desire for food and without food will get malnourished and eventually dies. Empirical knowledge recognises establishment of facts rather than speculations and goes beyond belief. On the contrary, Sellers assertion is not right since the myth of the given is more idealistic than mechanistic. 4. a) If your answer is yes, then exactly how do we explain the â€Å"mystery" of human perception? How do human infants, for example, manage to make the transition from experiencing the world as "a pure stream of consciousness" to being discriminating perceivers of the world around them? b) If your answer is no, then describe, in your own words, where you think Sellers approach takes a wrong turn when it comes to describing what we can, or (more accurately) cannot be said to know, on the basis of sense perception? No. Sellers approach does not meet empherical thresh hold. Perception may not be accurate sometimes and may lead to misjudgement. Perception too can be biased depending on ones interest, health and age. For example knowledge of time may be of no value to an infant which is the reverse of mid adulthood. Seller’s statement does not consider special cases, for example the mongolism that do not transition in their

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion Board - Essay Example As the paper declares there is a tendency to ignore this growing social problem and the war on drugs has pushed the distribution of all kinds of drugs used into the hands of criminal elements of society. Decriminalization of drugs attempts to make drugs available through more legitimate channels with a degree of control and thereby remove distribution of drugs through the criminal elements. To understand the working of this measure an examination of its use in Holland would be useful. In Holland drugs have been classified into hard, which includes heroin, cocaine and ecstasy and soft, which is cannabis. In the case of cannabis the possession of small quantities for personal use is seldom held against the person having it, but more importantly it is the fact that cannabis has been made available through cafes and removes the criminal element from the distribution of cannabis. This essay stresses that the problem with this measure is that the use of the soft drug cannabis could lead to the use of hard drugs and hard drugs are still clamped down heavily in Holland. A possible way out of this is to make the hard drugs available at chemists and sold through prescriptions under strict regulations so that the involvement of criminal elements is removed. Still this does not remove the issue of the move from a soft drug like cannabis to a hard drug like heroin or cocaine by a soft drug user.

Importance of Effective Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Effective Communication - Essay Example Effective communication is important for a successful relationship among peers. Effective communication leads to a better interpersonal role and through this approach a person can gain popularity and will be able to motivate or influence other people. How can the quality of communication be judged This is rather simple if we take the written modules in consideration. That is how well the author has related the matter to the subject. In the verbal context it is a bit different. Having a strong vocabulary is just not enough for becoming a good communicator as while delivering a message directly words are just about 7% effective, the tone is around 38% effective and the rest is judged by the nonverbal cues given by the speaker. This is why a gloomy dialogue expressed by a charismatic personality is of more importance as compared to a strong statement made in an in-effective tone. Strengths regarding communication in my context are that I am easy going and fain familiarity with other ind ividuals quite quickly as I am more affable. My strengths are that I can easily manage groups due to my understanding and simple use of language. My point is based on cogency as I prefer no hesitation in delivering my point of view and another important point about good communication is that let the speaker finish and then cite your view. This also improves upon communication prospect and the person utilizing this is considered a good communicator. Nonverbal communication The other fact that can be related to better communication is the ability to handle the kinesics and the non-verbal cues. Non-verbal cues include eye contact, body movement and postures, and most of all the tone of delivery. I believe that good eye-contact entails one as being a better communicator and it is vital if delivering strong messages and in-person contact. Keeping a measurable distance from the interacting person is a good approach and it is regarded as a good conduct in many cultures. But one is not to s tand too far as it shows the avoidance factor. People like to free up space in between themselves and the present environment so that they can produce their messages more effectively and easily. My case is that I am able to convey my message without the need of personal space. The personal space does not influence my mode of message delivery. Dynamic Non-verbal factors of Communication Next I would like to introduce the dynamic non-verbal factors. These include eye graze, body movement with regard to the statement, gestures, paralanguage and time frame. What I mean by body movement with regard to the statements is the point that your body should act in accordance with your message delivery. If you are delivering a message regarding something that has increased then the arm movement should (if required) should be 'raising the level'. Similarly eye contact is of prime importance and the ability to understand this feature is also of much substance. This can lead to the avoidance of man y undesirable consequences. Message Delivery I think that denying someone's message is a wrong act as we should try to convince him in such a way that he himself identifies the consequence. Saying 'NO' is something that is regarded as bad in the context of effective communication.

Marketing analyses for the Arab National Bank Essay

Marketing analyses for the Arab National Bank - Essay Example accepting banking services. The bank as its programs tailored to fit into Sheria the Muslim teaching. It is the reason that the company targets high income earners and business Saudis because they have changed to banking system service. There are no barriers for the company to expand its services to other ranches in the country. The strategic direction of the bank projects opening up of more branches and targeting female high income. There are many options available for the company such as partnering with other The bargaining power of the suppliers is high, the customers who deposit money, mortgage, loans, the interest rates. The bank suppliers of the money demand high level of accountability and interest rates. The buyers in this case the loan seekers, mortgage and other withdrawal services. The debit and credit card users demand high level of security for the cards they use. Availability and reliability of the services is critical for the buyers. in card payment transactions and it has a value share of 60%. It means there are other top banks in Saudi that offers better services. Charge card transaction competitive position is at number 4,with 5.4% value share, the debit transactions has a value share of 7.3% and it is also ranked 4 and the credit card transactions has 5.6% value share where it is ranked 7th. The bank has put in place plans to target female consumers but starting only women branches that targets high income women. The cards that the bank offers has a wide range of services that meet the customer needs. The company is also venturing into technology by having touch screen where it offers credit to customers to purchase the devices. The bank has a range of prices and interests that are decided by the Central Bank. The bank also strategized on bringing services closer to the customers through establishment of more branches in remote areas. The bank is committed in implementing a well-structured contingency plan to counter the

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 4 Case Essay

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 4 Case - Essay Example The evacuation of such huge population would have been a task nearest to impossible, but it was the availability of aircrafts in the U.S military base which escorted the locals safely. The Clark Air Force Base offered its services to the response team of Volcano Disaster Assistance Program; the team was fully engaged towards the monitoring of the volcano. The team was able to install certain instrumentation for the purpose of seismic monitoring; the intent of this exercise was to determine the occurrence of earthquakes and conduct the mapping of the volcanic deposits. The monitoring equipments assisted the team to realise that "large eruption was imminent". Soon after this confirmation, the evacuation scheme was pursued. It was the monitoring equipments which assisted the geologists in determination of the actual threat. From the incident of Mount Pinatubo eruption, it has been confirmed that the importance of monitoring equipments is immense, and the timely application of these moni toring equipments can assist in the estimation of challenge, and its extent (Goodwin, 2002). The technological advancement is the key to safe and secure future (Murphy, 1989). The presence of the American military base offered U.S. Geological Department to conduct its activities without further diplomatic intervention, and the timely intervention with application of the latest gadgets secured the future of hundreds of thousands. The American military was able to mobilize its hardware to secure locations, and damage worth millions of dollars was prevented. From geological aspect, any geological catastrophic is never spontaneous. The geological upset occurs when certain activities between the layers of the Earth take momentum; these activities are steady, and accelerate when porosity on the earth layer exists. The installation of the monitoring equipments - which in actual determines the nature and momentum of activities occurring inside the earth layer, assists the government and non-governmental organizations to develop evacuation plan to prevent major loss to humanity (Blair, 2001). At international forum of USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, it was confirmed that economically it is not possible to install the monitoring system near all the volcanoes. The focus was towards the development of portable monitoring instruments that "could be quickly deployed to a reawakening volcano"; through installation of such system the critical parameters including "earthquakes, ground deformation, mudflows, and volcanic gas emissions" can be traced and recorded (Blair, 2001). The Volcano Disaster Assistance Program - VDAP was established to offer assistance to all the countries where volcanic eruption was a challenge, under this program the mobile team of VDAP will offer services for monitoring, will assist in the determination of actual challenge, and will "provide timely information and analysis to emergency managers and public officials". This institution is also committed towards training, and conduct exercises and workshops for evacuation team squad etc. Perry has identified three important activities which shall be practiced and executed internationally to avert humanitarian crisis due to volcanic eruptions. The identification areas for improvement include, 1. public education 2. access controls 3. evacuation systems (Perry, 2005) These three measures are important under social management technique to avoid

SIOP component unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SIOP component unit - Essay Example In this case, the use of the right vocabularies is paramount. This is because; applying the right vocabularies, as a teaching mode ensures the learners obtains the desired understanding. The rightful use of vocabularies enhances academic excellence. This component entails the active participation of the learners in repeatedly synthesizing and applying the words learnt to ensure that they not only understand their meaning, but that they also know the words and vocabularies usability. Putting the word in different applications ensures that the learners are in a position to understand the context in which it is used better (Ajzen 1984). According to the Arizona Standards (2010), students are supposed to study both primary and secondary sources of information, analyzing and evaluating them. They should also be in a position to differentiate between the two sources. Such are the characteristics of the Building Background component of the SIOP. The strategies applicable under this componen t to enhance better understanding of the subject content by the learners are the substance summary strategies. According to the ELL standards for lesson plan, the students’ performance should be evaluated continuously, based on their ability to speak, read, and write. Here, the subject teacher will guide the students in reading some information regarding the subject in question. The teacher will then assist the learners in indentifying the core words and vocabularies of that piece of information. These words and vocabularies, being the substance of the topic in that subject are then applied to summarize the whole piece or topic into a few notes or paragraphs. It is through doing so, that the students will better understand the vocabularies usage in the topic, and the whole substance or content of that topic (Ajzen 1984). These strategies are well integrated with the above-mentioned component, in that the substantial words and vocabularies of a topic or piece of work are used as the basis of understanding the subject content. The strategies selected for application under this component well indicates that the learners will understand the content of their subject better, through having ample experiences and backgrounds. By indentifying the core words and vocabularies that are the substance of a reading, the learners obtain the desired experience in words and vocabularies usability, when they apply them in summarizing the content of the reading. Lesson plan: Standards: Research Skills for History according to Arizona Standards Strand 2: World History Concept 4: Building Background Topic: World History Concept 1: Research skills for history according to Arizona standards. Class: Lesson integrated to the understanding of World history well integrated to English language, through reading, writing, listening, and observing material artifacts. Date: January 27, 2012 Content Objectives: The learners will be in a position to understand and explain through oral an d written modes, what world history is and the relevant research skills for history. Arizona standards objective: The learners will, by the end of the lesson, be able to analyze, evaluate and differentiate secondary from primary sources of historical information. ELL objectives The teacher should continuously asses the students language ability through the way they

Gambling and Increasing crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gambling and Increasing crime - Research Paper Example Whether the idea that legalizing gambling will actually help to decrease the crime rate and if it is itself a good idea to do so. There are many sides to this argument and while some critics outright claim that crime is caused by gambling there are many others who will claim otherwise. Some hold that gambling does not cause crime but helps to better society. Gambling has been a part of society for a very long time and it can take many forms and shapes. There are various definitions of the idea which is more or less taken to mean the betting of money or other valuables on the outcome of a certain event. In 1566 England, for the first time, chartered a lottery and by 1620 there was regular gambling or wagering on dog races in England. However, in 1621 the first form of restrictions were placed on gambling and then in 1815 there were licenses handed over to the city of New Orleans for gambling and by 1827 John Davis had opened a fully functional Casino in the city that was to cater to the gambling needs of the rich and elite. The history of gambling continues but later on down the road corruption and crime began to mix with the sport and it became more of a problem for the governments of the world and there were moves to eradicate it. Yet some resisted and there was a change in strategy and it was thought to better legalize and hand out li censes to casinos rather than shelve gambling and force it to be taken up underground. Many states in America resisted this move and even in 1981 the New York legislature was not ready to authorize casinos to operate in the city (Thompson, xvii). The practice has also been on the rise not only in the United States but all over the world (Momper, Delva and Grogan-Kaylor, 7). Gambling itself is not taken to be a bad practice as many people do it. It is a particularly popular in Britain in the form of betting on race horses and even lotteries are a gamble of sorts

Spring Festival Essay Example for Free

Spring Festival Essay Spring Festival is the most joyful festival in China, and it is also the day of a family member reuniting. Do you want to know that Chinese how to celebrate this festival? Putting the spring festival scrolls up, hanging the lanterns, having the reunion meals, having dumplings, sitting up late and waiting for the ring of the New Year are all the Spring Festival’s custom. All the activities contain the nice blessings and willing. For instance, eating fishes during the festival express that they hope they are abundant every year, and giving oranges and apples express lucky and safety. Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils. Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Year. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance. Burning fireworks was once the most typical custom on the Spring Festival. People thought the spluttering sound could help drive away evil spirits. However, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities once the government took security, noise and pollution factors into consideration. As a replacement, some buy tapes with firecracker sounds to listen to, some break little balloons to get the sound too, while others buy firecracker handicrafts to hang in the living room. The Chinese character fu (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the reversed fu is homophonic with fu comes, both being pronounced as fudaole. Whats more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall. People attach great importance to Spring Festival Eve. At that time, all family members eat dinner together. The meal is more luxurious than usual. Dishes such as chicken, fish and bean curd cannot be excluded, for in Chinese, their pronunciations, respectively ji, yu and doufu, mean auspiciousness, abundance and richness. After the dinner, the whole family will sit together, chatting and watching TV. In recent years, the Spring Festival party broadcast on China Central Television Station (CCTV) is essential entertainment for the Chinese both at home and abroad. According to custom, each family will stay up to see the New Year in. Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think jiaozi in sound means bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new. Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.

Summary Industrial Organization Essay Example for Free

Summary Industrial Organization Essay A perfectly competitive industry has 6 main characteristics: 1) large number of buyers and sellers 2) producers and consumers have perfect knowledge 3) the products sold by firms are identical 4) firms act independently and aim at maximizing profits 5) no entry or exit barriers 6) firms can sell as much output as they want at the current market price NEOCALSSICAL THEORY: Static conception, focus on long-run According to Schumpeter and the Austrian School, the fact that a firm earns an abnormal profit (monopoly) profit does not constitute evidence that the firm is guilty of abusing its market(monopoly) power at the expense of consumer: entrepreneur, creative destruction monopoly status is only a temporary phenomenon competition is a dynamic process Disequilibrium reflects imperfect information or ignorance on the part of buyers and sellers!! Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) Paradigm Structure is the central element. It influences conduct which in turn has an effect on the performance STRUCTURE Number and size of firms, entry conditions, product differentiation, vertical integration, diversification; fixed int he short-run CONDUCT Business objectives, pricing, design and branding, advertising and marketing, RD, collusion, merger; refers to the behaviour of a firm PERFORMANCE Profitability, growth, quality of products and services, technological service, productive and allocative efficiency; Chicago School about abnormal profit: causes may be cost advantage and superior efficiency STUDY CASE: EUROPEAN BANKING To prevent from damaging implications for consumer welfare, there can be interventions of the government. The government policy is regulatory intervention to promote competition and prevent abuses of market power preventing a horizontal merger, break up of a large incumbent producer price controls, punishment of unlawful collusions The Chicago School is a group of prominent academic lawyers and economists, whose promarket, pro-competition and anti-government views were perhaps of their most influencial during the 1970’s and 80’s Critics of the SCP Paradigm the theory does not always specify precise relationships between S, C, P variables it is often difficult to decide which variables belong to which category performance is only some measure of the degree of success in achieving desired goals the definition of market or industry structure has a number of dimensions danger of overemphasizing the role of concentration little comprehensive information is available on more subtle aspects of market structure and essentially no systematic data aside from accounting profit rates is available on conduct and performance relationships are oftein quite weak in terms of statistical significance no explanation is offered as to the evolution of the market structure variables, and the influence of the current co nduct and performance on future structure according to the collusion hypothesis, a positive association between concentration and profitability was interpreted as evidence of collusion or other abuses of market power designed to enhance profit according to the efficiency hypothesis (Chicago), a positive relationship between concentration and profitability reflects a natural tendency for efficient firms to be successful and to become dominant in their industries Strategic management: 5 forces model 1) Extent and intensity of competition 2) Threat of entrants 3) Threat of substitute products and services 4) Power of buyers 5) Power of suppliers Porter’s approach: static, underemphasises the problem of uncertainty caused by change in the competitive environment, competitive advantage is measured by the value the firm is able to create in excess of its costs, Porter introduces the concept of the value chain, which disaggregates the firm into its strategically relevant activities: Primary activities (physical creation of produt/service), Support activities (support primary activities and each other) each activity is linked to another, this approach examines how these links can be improved in order to increase margins on each of the firm’s products Kay argues that each individual firm is inherently different, and therefore dismisses the notion of generic strategies. Instead, firms develop distinctive capabilities in an ettempt to achieve competitive advantage. This shift away from analyzing the characteristics of the environment, and towards examining each firm’s unique attributes strategies mirrors the shift of emphasis away from structure and towards conduct that is imlicit in much of the NIO literature. Sources of distinctive capabilities: Innovation, architecture, reputation determinants of performance Firms can only maintain a competitive advantage if they can protect their strategies from imitation The strategic management approach has been criticized for placing insufficient emphasis on the interaction between firms at the level of the market or industry. Instead, the focus is mainly on strategic options available to the firm. †¢ Chapter 2: Microeconomic foundations: The short-run relationships between inputs, outputs and production cost is governed by the law of diminishing returns, and the long-run relation is governed by economies or diseconomies of scale!! The Production Function: q=f(L,K) inthe short run labor is variable but capital is fixed!!! Law of Diminishing Returns: As increasing quantities of labor are used in conjunction with a fixed quantity of capital, eventually the additional contribution that each successive unit of labor makes to total output starts to decline Marginal Product of Labor (MPL): It is the qunatity of additional output the firm obtains by employing an additional worker. Average Product of Labor (APL): It is the ratio of total output to quantity of labor employed. It is important to notice that APL is increasing whenever MPLAPL and APL is decreasing when MPL2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)=2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)1 price elastic sensitive quantity PED =1 unit price elasticity PED 0 for substitutes, 2: more weight to larger firms if for above average performers. †¢ Business unit effects form low performers o The new empirical industrial organization. The new empirical industrial organization shifts the focus from structures analysis to conduct analysis. It is grounded firmly in microeconomic (oligopoly) theory. NeIO makes direct observations of conduct in specific industries, and draws inferences about what these observed patters of conduct might mean for structure. The Rosse-Panzar revenue test is based on empirical observation of the impact on firm-level revenues of variations in the prices of the factors of production that are used as inputs in the production processes of a group of competing firms. The H-statistic is defined as sum of elastic ties if a firm’s total revenue w.r.t. each of its factor input prices. It differs under perfectly competitive, imperfectly competitive and monopolistic market conditions. See page 336 for graphs. If H = 1 conduct perfect competition If H O conduct monopoly If 0 H 1 conduct imperfect competition Empirical evidence: †¢ Commonly, price-setting behaviour in accordance with intermediate competition models is detected. Limits: †¢ Offers a determination of only what the market structure of degree of monopoly is not, and does not suggest what it is. o The persistence of profit Persistence of profit approach examines the time-series behaviour of firm-level profit dates. It suggest: profitability in more profitable industries tends to fall and profitability in less profitable industries tends to rise. tendency for profit rates to converge. supports the disequilibrium hypothesis. Firm level studies suggest there are significant differences between firms in long run equilibrium profit rates, and differences in the speed of convergence. Industry level studies: †¢ If current profitability is higher than expected, entry should take place causing profitability to fall and v. v. the empirical results suggest the process of adjustment towards l.r. equilibrium takes about four years. Industry level variables such as entry barriers, concentration and growth in demand determine the speed of adjustment. There is evidence of a tendency for profitability to persist, especially in highly concentrated industries. †¢ Firm level studies: o If competition is anything less then perfect, and there are barriers to entry, it may take some time for any abnormal profit to be eroded. s.r. profit persistence. o L.r. profit persistence: where there are barriers to entry, there no convergence of firm level rates towards a common l.r. average value. If some firms posses and are able to retain specialized knowledge or other advantage, theses firms may be able to earn profits that remain above the norm persistently, in the long run. o L.r. persistence refers to the degree of variation between firms in the l.r. average profit rates no convergence (empirical result) Part 3: analysis of firm strategy: †¢ Chapter 10: Pricing: o Critic of neoclassical theory: do firms have enough information to apply the profit maximization rule MR = MC? o Cost plus pricing Under cost plus pricing, the firm calculates or simply estimates its AVC and then sets it price by adding on a percentage mark-up that includes a contribution towards the firm’s fixed costs and a profit margin. P = (1+m)AVC This is simple to understand and can be implemented using less information. AVC is relatively flat over a relevant range of output levels; minor variations in the level of demand need not lead to changes in price. So it reduces consumer’s search costs and also reduces destructive price competition. The mark up determination appeals to a sense of fairness. Otherwise it is not simply implemented for a multiproduct firm. The wide-spread use of cost plus pricing might suggest it as a convenient rule of thumb form firms that are really profit maximizers- cost plus pricing is equivalent to profit maximization pricing if AVC is approximately constant, and the mark up is set to a value of 1/(PED/1). Research showed that firms where more profit oriented where competition was more intense and also large firms turned out to be more likely profit maximizing. o Price discrimination A firm that enjoys some degree of market power might consider adopting a more complex pricing policy, for example to sell at different prices to different consumers. First degree price discrimination: †¢ Perfect price discrimination involves making the price per unit of output depend on the identity of the purchaser and on the number of unit purchased. Second degree price discrimination: †¢ Involves making the price per unit of output depend on the number of units purchased. Third degree price discrimination: †¢ Involves making the price per unit depend on the identity of the purchase. The term dumping describes the practice of charging a lower price to consumers in poorer countries than to charge in richer countries. Two conditions: †¢ Some degree of market power and the market has to be divisible into sub-markets different demand conditions, no trade or resale, significant transport costs can also help to achieve an effective physical separation of sub-markets. First degree: †¢ Each consumer’s reservation price is the max. price the consumer is willing to pay. The monopolist can exploit the differences in willingness to pay by charging each consumer high or her own reservation price. It is worthwhile for the monopolist to supply all consumers whose reservation price exceeds the monopolists marginal costs. It is also possible that if reductions in the prices of further units are offered, that the consumer is induced to buy three, four †¦ units. Another way to abtain surplus is to charge a two-part tariff: uniform additional price + fixed fee. In this form of pr. Discr. Producers earn an abnormal profit, there is no CS and there is no DWL. It is known as perfect price discrimination because all the available surplus is extracted by monopolists. †¢ Page 360 Second degree: †¢ In the case where the monopolist cannot distinguish between consumer, the best policy is to offer the same menu of prices and quantities to all and allow the consumers to self select. †¢ Page 362 †¢ If the monopolist sets a fixed fee slightly lower than PCAF, and charging a uniform price per unit slightly higher than PC, he can gain additional PS †¢ With Pc + P the fixed fee is reduced from WXY to W. †¢ Here the producer cannot extract all of the surplus. So first degree price discrimination (perfect information about consumer preferences) is more profitable than second degree (imperfect information) Third degree: †¢ Here the price per unit that each consumer pays is constant, but the monopolist can segment the market by offering different prices to different consumers. Partial market segmentation is achieved through age, membership, gender, profession etc. †¢ The monopolist should select the price quantity combination for each sub-market at monopolistic output. †¢ One price will always be higher and the other price lower than the uniform monopoly price in the non discriminating case. Consumers in the sub market with the lower price have more CS and are always better off than in the non-discriminating case. †¢ Examples: o With intertemporal price discrimination, the supplier segments the market by the point in time at which the product is purchased by different groups of consumers. Each consumer is willing to make his purchase in one of the two periods. (page 369). But: Coase: consumers may learn that prices will be cut and wait with purchasing. o Brand labels: do not really represent pr. Discr. More products are different because of genuine product characteristics. o Loyalty discount: 2nd degree pr. Disc. o Coupons: some from but connected with effort o Stock clearance: some form o Free on board pricing same prices neglecting different costs in different areas. o Peak-load pricing Much of the theoretical literature on peak load pricing is based on an assumption of social welfare maximization. When a peak-load pricing problem exists, often capacity cannot be adjusted. Page 372 The optimal price for each period is the total marginal cost incurred through the installation of additional capacity and the additional production in both periods minus the price charged in the other period. The peak-period consumers, whose demand or willingness to pay is stronger are charged a higher price than the off-peak consumers. MC of installing additional capacity is lowered to B’. Chapter 11: Auctions: o Auction formats, and models of bidder valuation An auction is a market mechanism for converting bids from market participants into decisions concerning the allocation of resources and prices, though a specific set of rules. price formation under conditions of uncertainty, asymmetric information and interdependence. There are four basic auction formats providing the cornerstone for the economic theory of auctions. The English auction (ascending bid auction) involves the price being set initially low and then raised successively until a level is reached which only one bidder is willing to pay. The Dutch auction (descending bid auction) works in the opposite way. In the first price sealed bid auction, each bidder independently submits a single bid, without seeing the bids submitted by other bidders. The highest wins and pays. The second price sealed bid auction (vickrey auction) works similar as the first prices sealed bid auction, but here the highest bidder gets the item and pays a price equal to the second highest bid. Asymmetric information means that seller and buyers typically do not have perfect information concerning the distribution of bidders valuations of the item being auctioned. There are also two alternative assumptions: †¢ In the pure common value model, the item is a single, intrinsic value that is the same for all bidders, but nobody knows the true value. †¢ In the independent private values model, each bidder knows the true value of the item to himself personally. no single value †¢ The affiliated valuation model includes elements of both. o The pure common value model and the winner’s curse The winner’s curse appears to be a rather common feature of many auctions in which bidders valuations conform to the pure common value model. It is very likely that the winning bidder, with the highest private estimate has overvalued the item. The winning bidder is very likely to turn out to be a loser, in the sense of having overpaid the item. Two possible estimates of the true value: a) original private estimate unconditional. b) revised estimate (knowing other valuations) conditional. In order to avoid the winners curse, the sealed bid should be based on a revised estimate, conditional on the bidder’s original estimate being the highest estimate. In fact, in a first price sealed bid auction, it pays to submit a bid some distance below the bidders opinion as to the true value. o Optimal bidding strategies and revenue equivalence in the independent private values model. Assumptions: private values are randomly drawn from a uniform distribution. Risk neutrality of the bidders. The English auction: †¢ Withdraw as soon as the price equals or exceeds the private value. You gain a rent equal to the difference between private value and winning bid, or nothing. Second price sealed bid auction: †¢ A bidder’s optimal bidding strategy is to enter a bid equivalent to his or her own private value. By raising your bid, you can only lose, you cannot possibly gain. The rival’s bid determines the price you would have paid if you had bid your private value. Therefore by lowering your bid you have forfeited an opportunity to buy the item for less than your private value. †¢ English and second price auctions can be described as strategically equivalent when everybody behaves rationally. In the terminology of game theory it is in both cases a dominant strategy. First price sealed bid auction: †¢ It pays to submit a bid that is below your own private value. †¢ Page 396: o P(0) = 0 o P(B) is and increasing function of B. The higher the bid, the higher P(B) to win. o P(B) is a decreasing function of l. The higher the number of bidders, the lower P(B) to win. †¢ By reducing the submitted bid below BH =Vi, bidder i gains by committing to pay a lower price, but also loses by accepting a lower P(B) of winning. The position of the P(B) curve depends on the bidding strategies of the bidders. †¢ Nash equilibrium’s optimal bid: ((N-1)/N) * Vi †¢ As the number of N increases, the optimal bid approached the bidder’s private value. Dutch auction: †¢ Wait until the price has fallen a certain amount below the private value. gain a positive rent. By allowing the price to drop, you can only gain and you cannot lose. Bidder I should bid when the price reaches ((N-1)/N) * Vi. So, also the two last auctions types are strategically equivalent. The revenue equivalence theorem: †¢ All four auctions formats are expected to yield exactly the same price to seller on average. The seller is expected price is always the expected value or expectation of the second highest private value (page 399). Sellers expected proceeds: o E(V2) = (N-1)/(N+1) †¢ It is important to remember that the revenue equivalence theorem relies heavily on the independent private values assumption. Evidence is rather limited o Extensions and additional topics in auction theory. To ensure a certain price for the seller, he can introduce a rule that the item is not sold if the price payable by the winning bidder does not at least match (or exceed) a reserve price. It can be shown that it is optimal for the seller to set a reserve price that is higher than his own private value. Inefficient allocation of resources can be consistent with the maximization of the seller private proceeds. The optimal reserve price does not depend on the number of bidders. The price should not be too high, because then the item won’t be sold anymore. Risk averse bidders: †¢ In an English auction, risk aversion makes no difference to the optimal bidding strategy. In a Dutch auction, in contrast, risk aversion causes the bidder to call out earlier. Therefore the revenue equivalence theorem breaks down if bidders are risk averse (Dutch auction yields higher profit for the seller). In a second price auction, risk aversion causes nothing to change. In a first price sealed bid auction, risk averse bidders tend to bid closer to their private values than risk neutral bidders theorem brakes down again. †¢

Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit

Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit The Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit   1. Introduction Why people distinguish calling between Western and Eastern or Eastern and Western.   There are many reasons, maybe it is because that it is divided by ocean which people cannot easily cross.   In the other word, East countries and West countries were not easily connected until some point in the past. In that sense, food culture is also very different. Even though eating habit is a part of food culture, there is an obvious contrast between the East and West.   In this report, we will compare what is different about the eating habits and find out nutritional problems. 2. Methodology Data was collected from international co-worker and friends from March of 2017, aged 25~35 year olds. 3.1. The Cause of Different Eating Habit between Western and Eastern   Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Main food ingredients for environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -The most of the Eastern countries have good weather for growing grains. Among them is especially rice. The rice grows well in the monsoon climate. The features of monsoon climate are the seasonal change of the wind, the humid summer, and the dry winter. Though this climate often brings death and destruction, monsoon rains are an annual phenomenon in Asia and are vital for food productivity and overall economic growth.   This led to the development of rice and vegetable dish rather than western. On the contrary, most of the Western countries climate have suited the wheat and livestock industry Suraj Yadav (2014)provide information about wheat which is well growing in cool, moist climate and ripens in a warm, dry climate. U.S Department of Agriculture (2011) provide information about a largeof wheat is still have been produced in the Western and it has been exporting to the Asian countries. http://necsi.edu/research/economics/grainconsumption.html    For this reason, a variety of flour based food has been created and have developed in the West, for example, bread, pizza, pasta and so on. Also, there is a wide range of fields for raising livestock. This was a good way to get quality meat, so eating a meat meal is common. Therefore, the recipe and cooking methods for bread and meat have developed, Even now, there are many kinds of food which are using the wheat and meat than East. On the other hand, the kind of recipes for rice and vegetables in the West countries are very few compared to East countries.   Ã‚   b. Differences Food Culture   Ã‚   We can see the difference in eating habit by the tool.    Westerners cook the food ingredients in large pieces and cut the food on their plates using knives and forks while east people cut food ingredients into bite size before cooking, then use chopsticks to eat. The use of these tools is affecting the cooking time and eating time. To put it simply, Western food tends to need more time to cook and eat, because using the big food ingredients through that survey, we can know this information 2) The Problem of Each Eating Habit a. The problem about eating habits It is commonly known that Eastern people eat food quickly. As mentioned above, this is why, it is influenced by the cooking tool and cooking methods, but it causes obesity because when people eat fast, people normally feel less satiated than those who eat slower and therefore end up overeating.   Ann MacDonald(2011)who is Harvard health contributor said that people who eat fast tend to consume more because they do not give their brains a chance to tell the body that it is full, even they tend to swallow food without enough chew, and prefer the spicy flavour, but these eating habits are very harmful to stomach. On the other hand, a lot of Western people prefer frying as cooking methods. Many dishes are easily cooked by this methods, but it can cause many diseases such as obesity, hypertension.   S.D. Wells(2011)warn about the danger of fried foodand they tend to prefer sweetness. Sweetness is a property of sugar. It is known to be the cause of diabetes and obesity, and Julie Corliss(2014) executive editor said that sugar may raise the risk of dying of heart disease. b. The nutrition problem of each main food.   Ã‚   For our health, we should carefully check and study food nutrition facts.   Let us take a look at the rice and wheat which we were examples above. RICE http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5716/2 Nutrition Information As you can see in the chart, rice has high calories, the nutrient which can be a cause of obesity and these nutrient elements that are more important such as less vitamin B, protein WHEAT Nutrition Information Wheat has long been controversial among a great number of scientist. Wheat has many nutrients but also has many problems. KRIS Gunnars(2013)said that wheat contains a gluten which many people cannot properly digest. It causes anaemia, bloating and so on. Conclusion To sum up from what has been discussed above, it goes without saying that our eating habits are influenced by various environmental factors and our eating habits have a lot of problems. Especially, obesity and adult disease coming from wrong eating habits are the serious problems in a modern society. We need to lay our heads together to solve that problem. We should try healthy eating habits to live a happy and healthy life. The Reference List       Ann, M. (2010, Oct 19).Why eating slowly may help you feel full faster. Retrieved from   http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-eating-slowly-may-help-you-feel-full-faster-20101019605 Julie, C. (2014, Feb 06).Eating too much added sugar increases the risk of dying with heart disease. Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-201402067021 3)   Kris, G. (2013, May 27).Potential problems with whole wheat. Retrieved from https://authoritynutrition.com/6-ways-wheat-can-destroy-your-health/ Suraj, Y. (2014, APR 15). Climatic conditions for growing wheat. Retrieved from http://www.importantindia.com/12612/climatic-conditions-for-growing-wheat/ U.S Department of Agriculture. (2011). Global Grain Consumption Map. Retrieved from http://necsi.edu/research/economics/grainconsumption.html Wells, S. (2011, Dec 26).Health Basics : Why are fried foods terrible for your health?. Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com/034483_fried_foods_health_damage.html

Giotto :: Essays Papers

Giotto The artist I chose for my work was Giotto and his artwork The Epiphany. Giotto was one of the great artists during the period of Renaissance. The painting of the Giotto The Epiphany is about the birth of Jesus. The material used in this painting is tempera on wood. It is painted on to wooden panel with gold ground. Tempera is an egg-based paint, which help the painting look shinier and long lasting. There were many things, which I learned about Giotto, which I was unaware during my research. I found out when Giotto was born and when he die where was he born. I found out that Giotto talent was discovered by Cimabue and he was the teacher of Giotto and how Cimabue supposedly saw the 12- year-old boy sketching one of his father’s sheep on a flat rock and was so impressed with his talent that he persuaded the father to let Giotto become his pupil. I learned that Giotto first being freed from the shackle of medieval restraint. Giotto was mainly known for his religious artwork which help me in coming t conclusion that he was dealt largely in the religious subjects, but he also gave these subject an earthly, full-blooded life and forces. I found out that in 1334 the city of Florence honored Giotto with the title of Magnus Magister (Great Master) and appointed him city architect and superintendent of public works. In this capacity he designed the famous campanile (bell t ower). During my research I was able to find out about Giotto’s family that he was married and left six children at his death. There was one really interest thing about Giotto was the work of designing Campanile was left unfinished by Giotto this was because he died at the time he was doing this work. He also left his impact of artwork on high renaissance artist like Michelangelo that this artist used Giotto’s idea of painting. During my research of Giotto and his artwork The Epiphany there were lots of question in my mind of which some were answered and some were not answered and they still trouble me.

The Diverse Landscapes of Life :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Diverse Landscapes of Life Living organisms have been found to exist in many diverse environments on this planet; places where perhaps no human had thought to look before. Sometimes life is found because of the wild imaginations of a few curious people – other times it is stumbled upon nearly by accident. This paper will explore two seemingly unlikely landscapes of life, and will highlight the successes of discovering new living organisms in terms of expanding the array of possibility and our perception of the question "What is Life?" One environment receiving a lot of attention from scientists is the bottom of the ocean. Earlier in history it was thought that no creature could survive under the immense pressure and the total darkness of the ocean. The landscape remained untouched by humans, because without that sense of possibility for life, the technology was not created to explore the area. Until finally, in 1972, studies conducted near the Galapagos Islands reported vents, or hot water plumes. Now that something unexpected had been found, curiosity, possibility and new questions arose. The search began to accelerate along with the technology. A deep-sea robot named Alvin was sent exploring and a whole array of bottom dwellers was found. There were giant worms, clams and mussels (1). Once a community of living organisms has been found in a foreign environment, explanations will start rolling out. These hypotheses generally attempt to compare the system of life to our own systems – grappling for similarities among the resources of the new landscape those we are already familiar with. For instance, in forests and jungles (environments which are very understandable to us) there are some animals that can climb or fly to the tops of the trees where the fruit is. Other animals must stay on the ground, and so they live off of fruit which has fallen out of the tree. When a few organisms were found in the depths of the sea, it was first conjectured that they ate food that floated down to them from the "lighted regions of the ocean" (1), which seems very similar to the configuration of the familiar woodland food-system. This story was adequate until it was discovered that entire "cities" of creatures were thriving down at the bottom of the ocean – biologists had to come up with a new story. There are hydrothermal vents called black smokers which let off heat and chemicals from the bottom of the ocean.

Steam Distillation :: essays research papers

Steam Distillation Purpose: To use steam distillation to purify heat sensitive, natural products, like essential oils. Procedure Please refer to: Williamson, Macroscale &Microscale Organic Experiments 4th Ed., pgs.98-109 Results Table 1.1: Steam distillation Drop # (every third drop)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature ( ºC)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Addition of 0.5 mL water 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observations: The residue was cloudy during distillation. This indicated that it was wet. The water was added when the solution appeared to be getting low in volume. Table 1.2: Recovery of organic material Object being weighed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weight in grams Weight of empty, clean test tube  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.446 g Weight of clean test tube with spearmint oil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.635 g Weight of spearmint oil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.189 g Table 1.3: IR Spectroscopy Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corresponding Functional Group 3083.81  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C-H 2923.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C-H 1674.33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C=O Conclusion In this experiment, the process of steam distillation was used to purify a natural product, (the essential oil of spearmint). This phenomenon works because when two immiscible liquids are distilled, the boiling point of the mixture is below the boiling point of the both pure compounds. Since water has a significantly lower boiling point than spearmint, a much greater proportion of water molecules was vaporizing at any time during the distillation. Even though the components of spearmint oil have low vapor pressure, they are volatile enough to vaporize to some extent and a small amount will lifted off with the water molecules. This boiling will occur when the independent internal vapor pressures are equal to 760 torr, which is the external vapor pressure. It is noted that steam distillation, unlike regular distillation, it does not follow Raoult’s Law. After steam distillation was completed, the essential oil was recovered and a thin layer chromatography was conducted. When this TLC was conducted, there was one spot of pure essential oil and one of the distilled and recovered essential oil. The results indicated that the distilled, recovered oil was pure because it came out as a single spot, level with that of the pure oil. The infrared spectroscopy was performed next. IR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional by stretching and bonding frequencies of bonds. The peaks correspond to the functional groups.

Induction Theory Essay

Karl popper made his contribution on the induction theory in Vienna during the period of Logical Positivism despite the fact that he was not a Positivist. Before Popper’s contribution, Hume, another philosopher had already critised the theory of induction saying that the theory could not provide rational support for their conclusion (Karl, Raimund P. , 2002). His argument was based on assumption that induction assumes unobserved events which follow the pattern of observed events and ultimately it could not be logically justified whether it was deductible or in-deductible(Nelson, 1992). Hume justified that the theory of induction does not hold since it’s not logically true (Marc, 2000). Later Karl Popper supported Hume’s opinion on induction theory by fact that it could not give amicable solution but disagreed with Hume’s suggestion that science yield no knowledge of the nature of the world. On Popper’s side, he strongly felt that induction theory can be replaced by the principle of conjecture and refutation. On the experimentation of conjecture, it’s not possible to give positive inductive reasons for thinking that they are true while we can give justification of thinking that they are false. To experiment this scenario we take Poppers deductive method of conjecture and refutation principle together with induction principle to test scientific hypothesis. We can determine the expected results if the hypothesis is true, we can say the hypothesis is inductively confirmed if our observation agrees with our expectation while using induction theory. Such criteria of reasoning is not deductively correct, hence as an inductive argument, it faces the problem of induction. It therefore provides a convectional justification that ‘H’ is true. And, given this and the truth of the first premise, ‘0’ would follow. But ‘0’contradicts ‘not 0’which is asserted by second premise. From the hypothesis we can conclude that its not possible for premises to be true and conclusion be false. Popper’s method of conjecture and refutation provide us with the global knowledge to avoid the problem of induction. Karl Popper also asserted that there is no rational method that can be used to evaluate scientist’s justification about the hypothesis, further, there is no sufficient and appropriate evidence that can inductively confirm the hypothesis, that it can give us a positive reason to think that our hypothesis are true. Popper Karl contributed too in improving the meaning theory by providing an alternative solution to positivist verification which sorted out the demarcation issues (Nelson, 1992). Before the invention of Positivist verification there was a major problem in differeciating legitimate scientific inquiry from aspects such as religion and pseudo science. His methodology of conjecture and refutation still provides another basis for distinguishing ‘science’ from ‘non science’ since it enables us to take a hypothesis to be scientifically investigated if and only it’s falsifiable (Karl, Raimund P. 2002). For a hypothesis to be false we only highlight any likelihood observable conditions under which one can judge to ascertain to be false. To justify that it is false that all crows are black, we must state some realistic observable situations. By so doing we can categorically be certain that it is surely false, in case we observed a white crow. So, the assertion that all crows are black can be scientifically investigated. Also for a claim that opium makes sleep since it has normative virtue. This is a pseudo-scientific explanation since it’s not possible to state any observation for us to ascertain it is false. It will not be realistic and permissible to assume for instance, that the total population in Texas is 50 people (in millions) while in actual sense its 45 million people. The presumption would only be having some degree of truth which could be realistically correct to around 0. 9 percentage of the total population which can be inherited with questionable justice. If for instance to say that Jack is ‘borderline tall’ so that ‘Jack is tall’ is assigned the value 0. , then there could be a necessarily falsehood that ‘Jack is tall but not very tall’ to get a value of 0. 5. The most definite disadvantage for relying on such logistics is that they do not dispense with any sharp transition for they only accommodate very gradual heap to non heap at the very expense of exposing a sharp transition from heap to borderline, and from bounder line to non-heap (Catherine, 1997). This can be illustrated by the problem of higher-order vagueness as below   Its shows from the above scenario that we avoid assigning more precise numerical figures as degree of truth since such assignment will not have any substance either (Karl, Raimund P. , 2002). This is because true statements ought to be somehow differeciated from true statements or to treat them as neither true nor false, and categorize them as those which could become true or false (Marc, 2000). Goodman was for the idea that no answers which neither nor justifies limitations of induction. This is because we can satisfactorily distinguish between deductive and in-deductive. This is what made Goodman make tremendous efforts towards formulating canons off inductive interference which had to emphasize on ‘Emerald1 is green and Emerald 2 is green’. Goodman’s new riddle approach on induction indicates that this is a false step since not all instances are confirmed by their instances. This pioneered the invention of the predicate ‘grue’which is defined as; an object is grue only and if only the object is (1) green, and has been observed before now,or (2),blue, and has been observed before. Such definition gives a clear definition by the condition on when the word ‘grue ‘applies to an object, nevertheless it creates a problem when used inductive argument. If experiment 2000 green emeralds it provides sufficient evidence of believing that both the next emerald to be experimented will definite be green after observation, and that it will be blue, but this is absurd, to this assumption will worsen the scenario because inductive theory has weakness with the word grue and possibly with inductive arguments involving green Grue, if in the first instance presumed to be illegitimate for it makes reference to a particular time and it’s defined by the outcome color of an observation if observed at the moment. This makes it appear to be artificial while in actual sense it natural which makes its use an illegitimate inductive arguments. By defining grue in of two more other predicates that is green and blue which are not very simple and elaborative makes it unusual. Goodman has also highlighted that differences between properties of being grue and green which is dependent for them to be restricted to properties. In analyzing evaluation techniques in Goodman‘s New Riddle of induction he ascertained that the bold techniques are most likely to attain the goal of reliably arriving at the most right answer, while the most skeptical technique does not at all mean that in skeptic there is violation of canon of rationality or may be false to recognize nature uniformity. The theoretic learning analysis wholly concedes to be skeptic regardless the many ravens observed in the past, the next one could be white(Catherine, 1997). The rationality of this is that if all observed ravens are generally black, the skeptic doesn’t answer the question that all ravens will be black. In generalization of emeralds where green and blue colors were used Nelson puzzled about new riddle induction by performing the following experiment: supposing that all the examined emeralds before a particular time y are green, our evidence statements indicates that emerald n is green and so on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦examining another spices which is less familiar than green it is the predicate ‘blue’ and this could mean that it applies to all items which were examined before y just incase they were green but to other things just incase they are blue. In such scenario the challenge is to we should conjecture that all emeralds are green rather than that all emeralds are grue when we obtain a sample of green emeralds examined before. We can still analyze induction theory in making projections, for instance a natural projection rule which conjectures that all emeralds are green as long as only green emeralds are found, and grue, some rule which keeps projecting the next grue predicate consistency with available evidence (Peter, 2003). The theory of meaning from philosophers’ analysis has been difficult to come up with a very clear definition of meaning theory this has been generally because meaning can only be specified by its wording and syntax. This is because only words or marks put on a paper can generate a meaning. Sentence is a composition of prepositions which indicate satisfactory conditions to make each sentence correct. Aspects such as beliefs, hopes and intention which explain speaker’s nervous system are found in the context of language.

Rebranding in the london docklands: case study Essay

Jumping straight to the point, rebranding has 1occurred and is currently taking place in various ‘hot spot’ locations to try to give the area a new modern feel. The chairman of the London Docklands Development Corporation, Sir Michael Pickard, said himself that, ’16 years ago, the Isle of Dogs was an isolated, tightly knit community seemingly in the grip of irreversible decline. Today, massive investment from both the public and private sectors has transformed the area. There are new schools, health centers and homes, park and playgrounds, new road and rail links, and nearly 1. 4 million square meters of commercial and industrial development, over 80% of which rented. The new residents and businesses have brought a fresh lifeblood to the Island. ‘ So it is obvious that rebranding has taken place, but to what extent and where has it happened. The first information study I am going to look at is a place check form, here it will become more apparent which areas have undergone rebranding to a higher extent than others. So looking at fig. 1. 1, is an area called Felstead Wharf is reported to have high quality modern housing, with adjacent car parks provided. From the information in the photo and also the report, one can deduce that this area, once holding low quality housing for the working class population of the Docklands, has now been transformed into an upmarket residential area offering a home to business men and women who work in the central business district. But, when only moving a small distance, approximately, 2000 feet, one meets an area were regeneration is ‘currently in progress’ looking closely at figure 1. 2, we see at approximately 429 Westferry Road, a large super structure which at one point was a warehouse in the industrial era and now is simply a steel skeletal structure. However this large building is soon to be transformed by the council to make a series of aesthetically pleasing offices. In complete contrast, and in the final study of the place check form, draw attention to figure 1. 3. Here although closer to the the Central Business District, this area on Glengall Grove is reported to have poor housing quality with cement walls being badly stained and covered in graffiti, the houses themselves were small, of bad quality and usually terraced. With the nearby park in a state of disrepair. The significance of the above study shows in figure 1. 1, 1. 2 and 1. 3, that in 3 locations separated only by around 3 to 4 thousand feet, the quality, quantity and utility of the building changes dramatically. Clearly in figure 1. 1 the council have decided to inject money to reinvent the housing in the area and at the same time, entice high class business men into the area and with it higher quality tertiary and quaternary industry. Now, looking at the environmental study table, on the left in figure 2. 1, it is obvious that the higher the score on the table the more likely the area is to have undergone regeneration. Take for example area H. It is obvious that this area is not ideal of appealing environmentally, this is conveyed through the overall score of the area being quite low, at 59 out of 100. This leads me to believe that the area has not undergone regeneration. Which according to the place check map, is in fact true. This formulae correlates not only for this specific location but the Isle of Dogs generally. This enables us to pinpoint areas which have not undergone regeneration and of-course those which have, giving us a greater understanding of the question; where has rebranding occurred. So by combining the two sources of information together, it is possible to create a more detailed map of the areas which have undergone regeneration. In figure 2. 3 the green scatterings are symbolic of an expensive area which is residential or business based but which has undergone rebranding. The blue areas area show partially rebranded areas or non-rebranded areas which are still aesthetically pleasing and wealthy areas. The red areas are representative of completely non regenerated areas, which generally contain low quality housing inhabited by lower class workers. So to conclude this sub-heading, on the whole, a large area of the Isle of Dogs has undergone rebranding through regeneration,it has mainly occurred in regions close to the river. These areas are generally speaking, residential high quality flats and houses aimed at the business man who perhaps works in the Central business district as this is a prime location; close to work and in a pleasing environment. The regenerated areas further inland are more often business related, with aesthetically pleasing offices and high quality shops infiltrating the area. Some however is regenerated housing, offering high quality housing at a slightly lower price for middle to upper middle class workers. There are still some areas which remain untouched by the rebranding scheme put together by the LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) in 1997. These areas have assumed the position of low quality housing with high crime rates according to the local council. These areas suffer as businesses often relocate from this area because expendable income held by most residents in this area is low. Success of rebranding. The relative success of the rebranding process can easily be determined simply by looking at interviews and presentations and comparing peoples opinions of the area with the overall percentage of the area which has been regenerated. To illustrate this more clearly, see figure 3. 1. This graph represents 6 different areas within the Isle of Dogs, in each, an area with different levels of regeneration. In this area, local residents were subjected to questioning about their opinions on the area. The results show that on a general level, that when the amount of rebranding/regeneration increases, so too does residents happiness. However notice area 1 and 2 in figure 3. 1, the opinionated happiness is higher in area 1 which is subject to no rebranding than in area 2 which has roughly 20 percent of the area rebranded. The reason for the sudden decrease in area 2 is explainable. People are generally happier in area 1 because the culture of the area is not being ruined by modern housing for business workers. Many lower class or retired people live in Area 1 and are happy to maintain a high level of culture and a sense of community. So in Area 2 the level of rebranding has increase somewhat. With it, comes new residents, and with new residents come loss of culture and the community spirit is often broken. So when interviewing a man who had lived in the area for 30 years, he was unhappy about this sudden change and would have been happier had the area remained untouched. Overall, the relative success of rebranding on the wellbeing of citizens is high. Once an area has completely undergone regeneration, the consensus is unanimous in high opinionated happiness. Understanding the fact that rebranding has been a success for the majority or residents, what about for the council and the economy? Looking at the average house price in area 1 for a 3 bedroom house/flat, the price is roughly 250,000 pounds. Considering it is in a prime location the price is relatively low because aesthetically, the house is not very pleasing, crime rates are high and average income is low. If then one sees the house price in area 6 for a 3 bedroom apartment, the cost can go up to and exceed 2. 5 million pounds on todays market. The success of a rebranded area is obvious by simply looking at these figures. By creating such high quality housing, it influences upper middle, to upper class workers, most usually those who work in the Central Business District into the area. These people are useful to the local council as they pay a high amount of tax and entice high class high profile businesses into the area. This is because the businesses understand they have a high amount of expendable income. The success of these areas spiral upwards because the more high quality housing that is constructed, the more businesses locate to the area and in conclusion, the more money is injected into the local council and therefore back into the community. Areas still in need of rebranding As shown in figure 2. 3, the green highlights on the map are representative of the highly rebranded areas 80% or more. The blue areas represent areas that have undergone between 40 to 80%. The red areas are significant of 0 to 40% regeneration. Although there are a few areas which are yet to undergo redevelopment, on the whole the Isle of Dogs has seen a greater percentage or rebranding per square foot than most other residential areas in London. Because of this, it is important that the whole region of the Isle of Dogs is not lost under a sea of white walls and tinted glass. Some of the area should remain as working class housing with dirty red bricks with a musky feel to it. If all of it is lost, then it is possible that the area would lose its routes and its heritage and the great docklands would be remembered as something completely different than what it should. But the definition of rebranding is exactly that, so in terms of rebranding, there is roughly 35 percent of the Isle of Dogs, yet to be rebranded.

It’s raining – Creative Writing

It's raining. It hasn't rained this hard since the day she left me, the day she told me how she'd sold her ring. It took three months wages to buy that ring, three whole months and she just sold it to a complete stranger, told me she didn't love me anymore. She'll be leaving work soon, on her way home. Eleven-thirty, same time she does every night, only tonight is different. Tonight she won't be getting home. This is the last night those men will look at her. He's going to sort that out for me. He'll have to leave soon too; otherwise he'll miss her, but maybe that would be better. This could be the only chance to free me, I can't go on, when every move I make depends on her, I can't let her control my life anymore I need to break free. The world outside is looking even less inviting, full moon. Its overcast the stars are blurred. Well not just the stars, everything is blurred. Something's not right. This old leather armchair, and the bottom of my brandy bottle grows more comfortable still, the rains angry drops are hammering against the window pane, I don't think I can stare out the window any longer, this is eating me from inside, what was I thinking, I have to stop him, before it's too late, before I lose her completely. I'm going to go now, got my coat now I just need to step into the bitter cold New York winter. I haven't even shut the door properly, there isn't time. He'll be leaving now too, his wild scraggly hair will be blowing around in the wind his hands to tired to move it out the way, and I can picture him in my mind, only my vision of him is misty, over the years I have found myself losing touch. Still, he knows what he's doing, he's ready. He'll have no shame; I'll be the one who has to pick up the pieces. She smiles at me when I think of her, she told me she saved that smile for me, liar. I went to surprise her at work, on her birthday last week. Bought her flowers and everything, then I saw it. She smiled at them the same way; she had that twinkle in her eye for every man in that bar. That's when I saw him first, through the window of that place. We looked at each other for just a split second, but that was enough to know. She'd hurt him to. The rains pouring down harder still, even me thick trench coat can't stop it pounding down so hard on me. It's not pounding as much as my heart though, my hearts pounding like thunder, like a trapped animal, there's a storm raging inside me, I cant lose her. My feet are getting heavier after every step I take, I can feel a cold sweat rushing all over my body, my hands are gripped so tightly with fear, I can't run any faster. It's such a busy place, so full of people all the time, so full of life. Still I feel alone, empty without her. My heart beats faster still, I keep seeing him, first in front of me then behind, he's going to hurt her. How can it have come to this, why did she have to leave me, things were so perfect. I can see him properly no, there's no mistaking it he's just across the road. Weaving in and out of the yellow taxis I think I'm getting closer to him. I'm passing so many trees, the more I pass the less I can work out there shape, i'm losing all definition. Everything seems a blur. The smoky exhausts of the double-parked cars have made the air heavy. Yet even with all the traffic I still feel distant, this place that's been home for so long suddenly seems a whole new world to me. This is what I imagine it to be without her, lost forever in a world I'll never be able to clasp, she grounds me, helps me through life, well she is my life. The noise of the city is beginning to fade away as my path leads me away from the busy streets, he's here. I keep seeing him but then he's gone, maybe my mind is playing tricks on me. Between my footsteps and my loss of breath my mind is beginning to wonder, back to the day I first met her, when she wouldn't even notice me whatever I did, I think she changed when she met me, I don't know , but I can imagine. I think something changed in her after I met him too, it was as if she knew I knew about him. My heart shunted when I saw her, I froze for a second, her blonde hair blew gently in the wind, the full moon was shining through the branches of central park, casting eerie shadows on the path she was walking. She held her umbrella with one hand, while attempting to light a cigarette with the other, her black stiletto heels tapped steadily along the bridge. There he is, lying in wait. Now's my chance. She just looked right at him, I can see it in his eyes, she knew him, and she knows what he's going to do. He flicked out the knife that had been gripped in his hand so tightly all this way, he can see me in its reflection, he's smiling. She's dropped her cigarette onto the floor and is running, he's running after her, and I after him. Her heels are sinking into the wet ground, he's catching her, but I'm catching him. As he wrapped his tired hands around her neck I began to struggle with him, I begged him to stop, and so did she. Her body grew heavy with the dread of what was to come. The knife fell to the ground, I had control, I'd beaten him. I released her from my grip, brushed back my scraggly hair, grabbed her hand, tried to feel for a pulse. There wasn't one. Then I looked at her hand, it glistened at me, like her eyes used to, her ring she still had it on. Maybe she did still love me. I cried for her to come back to me, the end came anyway. Then I felt it, the ice-cold air flowing over me, around me and through me, she was dead, he had killed her, I had killed her.

Provide Displays in Schools Essay

1.1 Describe the school policy for displays Our school policy for displays is quite dated and maybe updated soon. It describes why we have displays in school and how this impacts on the children. There is a section on organising and actively involving children in the displayed work. We have no rules on backing or mounting. It is left to whoever is doing the display to pick and choose their colours and mounts. We are asked to take care as to how we secure items on the display (we don’t like drawing pins) and to keep in the restraints of finance. Different class are allocated different areas of the school for their displays. We can put up wall displays, table top and shelve displays. We can make mobiles to display work. 1.2 Describe the importance and purposes of displays in schools. Displaying pupils work is a powerful way of showing them that their work is valued. It creates a sense of achievement. It can very much boost pupil motivation. They should praise effort as well as perfect work. It should be that there is a piece of work by every child on display somewhere. Displays can be used to communicate to others what the class is doing. This can include other students from different classes, other teachers, official school visitors, parents and members of the community. 1.3 Describe how displays are used in the learning process. Displays can be simply decorative. They can make the classroom brighter, and a more interesting and stimulating place. This, in itself, can have a direct impact on pupil motivation and therefore on pupil learning. Display materials can include direct teaching aids such as anatomical models or number lines. They can use useful reference material to support pupil learning or information that is important for students to memorise such as number tables, formula’s, spellings and other important factual information. Display materials can include supplementary teaching aids that simply enrich or reinforce what is being taught, helping to bring a subject ‘to life’. If a foreign country was being studied as part of ‘geography’, a display might include pictures of people and their costumes, famous landmarks, and so on. Displays can be used to ‘set the scene’ for a new teaching topic. They can form the central base of a piece of class work or a topic; they can be a means of recording work that has been done. For example, the title of a display might be ‘What we did in Science. Displays can be part of some on-going work such as an aquarium with tadpoles may be studied and their growth monitored and recorded on graphs to form part of the display. A nature table is another example of a display to create interest. Displays can be used to promote class management. They can include lists of routines, responsibilities, tasks and rules. They can include directions, labels and instructions. They can be used to form part of record keeping. They can be used to record pupil and class progress or topics covered. Student awards, such as ‘star of the day’ and house points can be displayed 1.4 Describe the requirements and procedures for carrying out a risk assessment for displays. There are no procedures printed out in the school policy for risk assessments. They are things you should watch out for especially when working at any height. Staff are instructed not to climb on chairs, tables or other furniture to access display boards. Consider the weight, shape or size of the display when working from a step ladder. Areas where ladders or other access equipment is to be clearly defined by use of signs and barriers if necessary. We have kick step style stools in school. Make sure equipment use is safe. We are encouraged to wear appropriate footwear, on or low healed with non-slip soles. Prepare displays as far as possible before putting them up. Do not work above pupils. Try and work with someone else if possible. Use a staple remover and not scissors or a knife. Ensure you clear up completely when you have finished.

Cadbury Case Study

Students need to write a formal business report with a length of 2000 words using 12 pt fonts and 1. 5 spacing. The report must be handed in Week 7 (refer to the due date stated above). Please do not only focus on the article and the texts in getting the answers. Students are advised to refer to at least four (4) academic journals, with additions of materials from newspapers, magazines and Internet websites in analyzing and interpreting the case study questions. They need to acknowledge any borrowed citations or any information under reference lists by using Harvard Referencing System (Please refer to Communication Skills Handbook). Your report must be submitted to Turnitin and cleared. The allowable percentage of match is 25%. Upon uploading, please exclude the table of content, reference and bibliography lists. Do not forget to  attach together the first page of the Turnitin digital receipt on top of the hardcopy of your assignment. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE YOUR ANSWERS AND REFERENCES WITH YOUR FRIENDS. ASSIGNMENTS WITH HIGH PERCENTAGE OF MATCH (BASED ON TURNITIN REPORT) WILL BE PENALIZED! Sample of a Business Report (with word limits as an approximate guide for each section) Declaration Form† Cover Page (can be downloaded from ELearn) Turnitin digital receipt (first page) Cover Page †¢ Report Title: Individual Case Study – â€Å"Chocolate consumers feel guilty for the wrong reasons† †¢ Prepared for: Name of Lecturer Tutor Victoria University †¢ Prepared/Written by:Student Name VU ID No. †¢ Date of Submission: †¢ Tutorial Group: Executive Summary †¢ Inclusive of the:Introduction of the report Content of the report Conclusion and recommendations of the report †¢ Should be written only after analysis is completed. †¢ Do not repeat by using the same sentences and words as the ones used in the report. †¢ Must spell out and explain the summary instead of just â€Å"out-lining† it. Should not be exceeding one page length and paragraphing is encouraged. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count = 300 – 400 Table of Contents †¢ Titles and subtitles †¢ Page numbers †¢ Appendices (if attached) †¢ Must be typed and not handwritten 1. 0 Introduction (Must include thes e four main components) †¢ Purpose of writing the report †¢ Short summary of the case study †¢ Relevant marketing theory definition and explanation (Briefly) †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =300 – 400 (Make use of paragraphs) 2. 0 Problems/issues Identification 3. 0 Analysis †¢ No Assumptions and No own opinions! Only proven facts will be accepted. Every statement made must be referenced and listed under bibliography page and reference list. †¢ Do not use â€Å"I†, â€Å"We† when writing reports. Do not personalize the report but instead use third party language. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =500 – 600 4. 0 Recommendations/Choices of solutions †¢ List the courses of action, which, the writer, think, is the most appropriate to the firm †¢ Be specific and not general in giving suggestions. †¢ Must be related to the facts mentioned in the case study article. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =400 . 0 Conclusion †¢ Brief presentation of the major findings that have been discovered within the content of the report. (Do not repeat the things you have mentioned in the content because a summary IS NOT a conclusion! ) †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =200 List of References †¢ The reference list at the end of the report should be alphabetically ordered. †¢ You are required to refer to at least 4 academic journal articles and also to some numbers of texts, magazine/newspaper articles and websites. (Please refer to the Communication Skills Handbook on how to write referencing) IMPORTANT NOTE! YOU CAN ONLY USE THE ACADEMIC JOURNALS, WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM DATABASES LIKE EBSCOHOST, EMERALD AND ETC. PLEASE REFER TO THE REFERENCE LIBRARIAN FOR FURTHER DETAILS. YOU CANNOT SEARCH FOR THESE MATERIALS USING WIKIPEDIA, GOOGLE OR YAHOO SEARCH. Appendices (optional) †¢ Should be kept at minimum †¢ If it is so detailed and long, put it into the content of report †¢ Give each appendix a number and a title and enter it into the Table of Contents †¢ Do not put in any of the journal articles that you have used for your report Note: 1. Students are to write using formal, business-like tone for this report. This means there should be no usage of â€Å"I†, â€Å"We†, and â€Å"You† in this report. 2. They are also encouraged to write clear and concise expression of English language. 3. There should be a logical flow of sequence. 4. The report should also be free from excessive spelling and grammatical errors. Hence, before submission, proofreading must be done. 5. Please also write the word count at the end of the report (after the conclusion section). INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING (BHO 1171) Individual Case Study (15%) Marking Sheet Semester 2, 2012 CRITERION |Very Good |Good |Satisfactory (met min. |Inadequate |Not addressed / Weak |Mark | | | | |requirements) | | | | |Introduction and |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen has |The ssue/problem is not |/2 | |problem/issue identification |appropriate and is clearly stated in| appropriate with elaboration |appropriate |limited relevance |identified | | |(2%) |the assignment with justification | | | | | | |Problem analysis and | |Can analyse a range of |Can evaluate the reliability of |Can analyse a limited range of |Fails to analyse information. /5 | |justification (5%) |Can critically review evidence and |information, select appropriate|information using defined |information. Limited only |Fails to evaluate or use | | | |analyse situations using a wide |techniques of evaluation. |techniques. Has given a factual |partially accurate evaluation of |techniques of evaluation, or | | | |range of techniques appropriate to |Appropriate issue/problem is |/or conceptual knowledge base |information using defined |evaluations are totally invalid | | | |the topic. Thorough explanation of |explained and analysed | |techniques | | | | |the chosen issue/problem and is well| | | | | | | |analysed | | | | | | |Formulation of alternatives |Recommendations with reliability, |Clearly explained |Relevant recommendations made |Vague recommendations, limited |No recommendations or are |/3 | |or possible solutions and |validity significance |recommendations which relate | |solutions |obscured by poor mechanics | | |recommendations (3%) | |closely to the case | | | | | | |Fluent writing style appropriate to |Language fluent. Grammar |Language mainly fluent. Grammar |Meaning apparent, but language |Meaning unclear /or grammar |/2 | |English expression |document. Grammar spelling |spelling accurate |spelling mainly accurate |not always fluent. Grammar /or |/or spelling contain frequent | | |(sentence/paragraph |accurate | | |spelling contain errors |errors | | |construction, spelling, | | | | | | | |grammar and punctuation) (2%)| | | | | | | |Use of relevant references | |Demonstrates wide range of |Uses some appropriate literature |Uses only very limited |Fails to use relevant literature|/3 | |and referencing in written |Demonstrates wide range of reading |reading from a variety of |material in the assignment. |appropriate literature material |material in the assignment. | | |report (3%) |including from academic peer |credible sources. Referencing |Referencing is mainly accurate. |in the assignment. Some attempt |Referencing is absent/ | | | |reviewed journals in the appropriate|is mainly accurate | |at referencing. unsystematic | | | |area. Referencing is consistently | | | | | | | |accurate both within at end of | | | | | | | |document | | | | | | ———————– TOTAL: /15