Indian Accounting Standards: Barriers and History

Indian bill Standards Barriers and History fundamentIn the year 2005, European Union make it mandatory for in either the companies which were listed arrive at to comply with global monetary Reporting Standards (IFRS) bearments when graveling their fiscal statements. This mark the beginning when Inter field of study report standard wit (ISAB) was professed as soundise. Ever since and then IFRS has spread swiftly crossways the world. Initi ally in that location were few hindrances like by the end of year 2004 full textual matter of endorsed IFRS was non even available in several EU languages. This query examines the evolution and obstacles to cont work onnce of Indian score Standards to IFRS starting 1st April 2011 when all the listed companies in India, leave alone be required to present their fiscal statements in accordance with IFRS regulations. This research as well talllights the need for the demesne like India, to run across their Local generally accept ed accounting principles to IFRS.Ameri spate Writer Mark Twain in one case commented onIndia and saidthe cradle of the gentlemans gentleman race ,the birthplace of human speech ,the mother of history ,the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother of human speech of the tradition. India is now seen as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The attach of number of Indian companies organism listed at various telephone circuit ex transplants may it be NASDAQ, NYSE or LSE, the takeovers of companies like Corus by TATA or the exponential increment of Foreign Direct Investment in the verdant does indicate that India is now the destination where all(prenominal)one wants to be a part of it. The potent frugal offset, techno logical advancements, inflows of foreign exchange and the ever- change magnitude take of al close to every nation to be a part of this harvesting embraces the requirement of a common language in fiscal statements. (Purvis, gernon, and Diamond 1991).Various studies through by researchers have reason out that principle establish standards argon rectify enforced than rule based and this be baffles one of the fences why harmonisation is decorous more(prenominal) than and more essential. As far as advantages and disadvantages in adhering a common method of write up rule in that location be still concerns at bottom a country leave apart the exsert of foreign crossing (Ray Ball, 2006). provided time get prohibited tell whether this product really advert the bearing or it was just a decision made in haste to be a part of so called IFRS brand name calling countries.IFAC con discrepancyism ProgrammeIFAC was founded in 1977 with new-fashioned York as its Headquarters. Its initial occasion was the growing and enhancement of a coordinated worldwide account statement barter with harmonised standards(brennan,1979). Presently it is a global organisation for the accountancy handicraft and as at 10th August 2009 IFAC has 158 particles from 122 countries representing 2.5 million accountants. Its formal delegation is verbalize as beingTo serve the existence interest,IFAC testamenting bear to strengthen the worldwide accountancy profession and contribute to the discipline of impregnable inter matter economies by establishing and promoting adherence to gamy quality professional standards ,furthering the inter national converging of much(prenominal) standards and speaking out on public interest issues where the professions expertise is most relevant.To carry out this foreign mission ,we work closely with our member bodies and regional accountancy organisations and obtain the gossip of regulators, standard- get alongters, governments and others who sh be our commitment to creating a sound global fiscal architecture(IFAC,2006).IFAC does non set International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) ar non set by IFAC rather these argon set by International Accounting Standards pos ting (IASB) . The IFAC Board formed the Member Body shape Program to ensure that all the members adhere to the standards set by IFAC for its membership. The aboriginal objective of which was to encourage members and strive for improvement in this ara of compliance.The IFAC submission governmental platform is overseen by the Compliance Advisory Panel. The primary objective of Compliance Advisory panel is to hazard sure that the IFAC compliance program is aright implemented as sanitary as properly operated by the staff members of IFAC.Statements of Membership ObligationsThe IFAC Board through its Statement of Membership Obligations (SMOs) issue guidelines for the members to countenance in murder of International standards which atomic number 18 issued by IFAC and International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). The motto of SMOs is to provide pre-requisites for quality assurance and to check whatsoever disciplinary put throughs against any members.All the IFAC members also have to go into in a program which is in three parts. The main purpose of this programme is that it seeks to sympathise whether and how the SMO requirements atomic number 18 being fulfilled.The selective intimacy from this program helps the compliance delegation to evaluate whether the members have circumspectly adhered to all the SMO requirements. These responses by the Members are taken on a periodical root. Any changes in legal and regulatory environment or any other reading made by any member is to be informed to this committee. This info is also updated in a questionnaire which is available online, by allthe members and if there are any changesthan the members are supposed to informthe compliance committee which publishes these updated responses on IFAC website. cancel 1 of this questionnaire is Assessment of the Regulatory and Standard-Setting Framework.This Questionnaire provides informationfrom its members about their regulatory and standard-setting framewor k in their jurisdiction.Part 2 is SMO Self Assessment which requires members to fillup a self legal opinion questionnaire which indicates how the members have in in incorporatedd orimplementedinternational standards which are issued by IFAC and the IASB. This questionnaire also helps the committee to know whether all the members have adhered to professional standards set by the governing bodies.Part 3, of the questionnaire is about Action Plans. This questionnaire requires that members to to develop action plans, including identifying tools, resources, and regulatory changes to address areas identified through the Part 2 self-assessment. Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 questionnaires are accessible to public at large.Literature Re viewHarmonization, standardization, and uniformity are all wrong used in the literature and in previous research (Iordanis N.Floropulos, 2006). fit to Van derTas (1988) Materially measurable harmonization is an increase in the pointedness of comparability an d heart that more companies in the same circumstances are applying the same accounting method to an event or giving additive information in such a way that the financial reports of more companies can be made comparable. Harmonisation can be still as a procedure by which the gap mingled with contrastive accounting gives are reduced (Doupnik,1987).Sir David Tweedie, running of International Accounting Standards Board said If they all use the same methods and the accounting for one act is the same in Sydney, as in Seattle, as in Strasburg, and in Sheffield , then they ordain know where they are, and there is a demand for that fount of certainty.(FEI 2001).Mark T.Bradshaw and Gregory S.Miller(2007) also reiterated the same and argued that the evidences are in spare of a unmarried set of Accounting Standards which leave increase the comparability of accounting information across the countries that differ economically, politically ,and culturally.Emphasising the need for a common set of accounting standards IASB, position three broad objectivesa) forward motion Improvement in existing standards,b)Convergence Reducing the gap between several(predicate) accounting standards conserveed in different geographical regions,c)Leadership Addressing issues non resolved and evolution new standards( Geoffrey Whittington,2005)The principles behind the bridal of International Accounting Standards by different countries have always been the subject of controversy in accounting literature (D.Zeghal, K.Mhedhbi, 2006).Indias decision to converge to IFRS is perceived by many researchers as premature decision. Although harmonisation of accounting standards non scarce enhances the quality of financial account, increases the comparability of financial statements but without considering of country particular environment factors the logic/reasons for such convergence volition be forfeited. Talaga and Ndubizu (1986) insisted that a countrys accounting principl es must be adapted to its local anaesthetic anaesthetic environmental conditions. In fact, Perera(1989a) went much ahead and stated that the accounting information findd according to essential countries is not relevant to the decision models of less certain countries.Case studies by different researchers with respect to evolution countries have not r all(prenominal)ed any consensus whether the convergence or so called follow the Bandwagon approach for IFRSs impart have or is having any confirmative put up on economic growth. It is so far to be seen that whether India go out adopt IFRS or will converge its accounting standards to IFRS. Larson (1993) studied the economic growth effect of African countries with and without these standards. His results show a positive correlation in economic growth rate with adoption of IFRSs when adapted with countrys local condition.But Woolley (1998) researched the effect of such convergence or adoption of IFRSs in Asian countries and he concluded that there are no significant differences in the economic growth judge. This again emphasises the fact that researchers have distinct opinion on whether IFRS adoption results in disclose economic growth or does not have any significant role. Researchers like Wolk, Francis ,and Tearney (1989) argued that ,harmonisation of accounting standards is beneficial for develop countries because it provides them with break dance-prepared standards as well the best quality accounting framework and principles. Chamisa (2000) studied the usefulness of IAS for developing countries. In his case study of Zimbabwe, he argued that these standards do have a positive impact on the emerging financial markets in the developing countries.Economic conditions are a major determinant in the development of a countrys accounting system D Zeghal, K Mhedhbi (2006). No doubt with the present economic growth in Indiawhich is presuming better than in any other developing nation, IFRS will definitely r ising this growth. India, by adopting IFRS gives a platform for itself where the financials can be compared easily with the peers across the globe.According to Alhashim and Arpan (1992), who argued that environmental forces influencing accounting are economic forces, social forces, the legal system, culture, and the political system.Though the legal social organization or political system or culture might have an impact of financial reporting but there are other factors which have great impact than these. One of these can be the education standards of the professionals in a country. As IFRS are more principle based so practically of prudence will be required from the professionals .Cooke and Wallace (1990) added to these and argued that factors such as size of business, education take aim, history of country, level of wealth, their development of financial markets may have influence on accounting standards. Accounting standards are governed by political economy and politics( Watts,1977 Watts and Zimmerman,1986) so convergence has more or less enhanced integ dimensionn of markets and politics across the borders (Ball,1995).D Zeghal, K Mhedhbi (2006) gave five hypotheses on the stand of these environmental forces. In his first Hypothesis he argues that if the country economic growth increases then the chances of adoption of the International Accounting Standards increases. This possibleness correlates with the present status of a country like India which is exponentially growing. To maintain this growth rate it needs to be in line with global standards which will increase it legitimacy. As a result of which the foreign investments will increase.In the second assumption he argues that the probability of adoption of IFRS increases with the increase in education level. This simply means that there is a positive relationship between educational level and the competence of the professional accountants. This hypothesis indicates that in countries where the educational level is low and expertise is weak, there is a real barrier to the adoption of IAS.This infers that if a country wants to adopt IFRS then it needs to strengthen its educational level. This raises few concerns if test this hypothesis with the underway home in India where there is scarcity of experts who have good knowledge of IFRS.In his third Hypothesis which states that if a developing country has high degree of external economic openness it will be more inclined to adopt IAS. India being one of the fastest growing nations with increasing foreign investments is an ideal case for adoption of IFRSs as per this hypothesis. Sir David Tweedier, IASB Chairman restating uniformity of accounting standards argued As the worlds uppercase markets integrate, the logic of a integrity set of accounting standard is evident. A single set of international standards will enhance comparability of financial information and should make the allocation of capital across the borders more e fficient. The development and acceptance of international standards should also reduce compliance comprises for corporations and improve harmony in audit quality.Abdelsalam and Weetman (2003) argued that a factor like familiarity and language seems to favour countries which are Anglo-American because of obvious reasons. One being Anglo-American predominantly had a great influence in the formulation and development of IASB and the other being, English being language of communication. Chamisa (2000) found that he anticipates that the developing countries which have Anglo-American culture will find it easier to adopt IFRS. This be haps the Fourth Hypothesis.In his Fifth and final hypothesis D Zeghal and and K Mhedbi states that developing countries which have capital markets are most likely to adopt/converge to IFRS. This hypothesis emphasises the need and why India as a country should adopt IFRS. With the present scenario where all capital markets are hitting new lows, Indian marke ts are performing far better than any other markets across the globe. But one should always In a modern report by world bank, it has been reported that Asian countries are recovering from the present financial crises.Research done by Adhikari and Tondkar (1992) showed the similar results, that adoption of a particular accounting system is accomplished by the existence of capital market. Adhikari Tondkar (1992) limitedally argued that countrys level of economic growth has a positive effect on the development of accounting system and practices.L.L.Rodrigues, R.Craig(2007) in their research by using Hegelian dialectic pattern of thesis, antithesis and synthesis gaveinnovative approaches for convergence oflocal accounting standards with IFRSs. They went on to and argued that in modern society, the global harmonization of accounting standards might be regarded as uncontroversial, unremarkable, and inevitable. Hegel in his theory of dialectic laid a judgment which states that contra diction is regarded as the root of all change (hegal, 1969). He argued that change is inevitable and brings in a new bodily social structure or a concept( a thesis) which always have contradictions, which is always mated to what stated (antithesis) but which brings in something new which is in-between both the concepts(synthesis).Referring to this concept L.L.Rodrigues, R.Craig argued that A thesis to be a support for globalization of accounting and Antithesis can be said to be conflict area that means opposing globalization of accounting. As a consequence of thesis and antithesis other view is generated this is referred as synthesis. They outlined few devices which arose due to thesis and antithesis.In one of the proposals they argued that all the companies should follow their national accounting standards and prepare their financial statements accordingly. At the same time these companies should also enclose few annexure in the form of reconciliation with the International ac counting standards (hoarau, 1995). In their second proposal they argued that countries should seek regional harmonization of accounting standards (European Union or ASEAN countries).Analysing the regional paradigm of harmonisation of accounting standards, Saudagaran and Diga (1997, p.2,16-7) claims that in 1997 European Union support the idea of regional harmonisation and also in the year 1992-1993 AFA move regionalharmonization as a policy objective. Referring to The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) which is an an Islamic international autonomous non-for-profit corporate body that prepares accounting, auditing,governance, ethics andsharia standards for Islamic financial institutions and the industry. These standards are either mandatory or used as guidelines by the regulators in.the land of Bahrain, Dubai International financial centre ,Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Sudan and Syria (http//www.aaoifi.com/overview.html). These arguments are in favour of double standards. alike many countries have adopted IFRS but not for all companies rather they have two tier system. One for big corporate houses and the other for small and medium-sized entities (SMEs). Because it is the cost factor which is bothering these smaller entities. But this view is not supported by the big international accounting firms, who prudence that a two standard system, where some companies continue to use national GAAP ,may be difficult to maintain in the long run.and governments and national setters should develop formal convergence plans to eliminate these dual standards(Larson and Street ,2004,p.113). L.L. Rodrigues and R.Craig also argued that companies might think full adoption of IFRS but practically it will more like to have ostensible compliance that is in the form of window dressing to appease capital markets or other users of financial information.Chand (2005) throws a caution on Developing countries who are tempted to be a part of so ca lled IFRS compliance members without evaluation the cost and value involved in implementing IFRS. He also emphasises the need to improve the level of professional expertise in IFRS before adoption or convergence to IFRS. Similar caution was advised by Shyam Sunder (2009) in his definition IFRS and the Accounting Consensus stating Get aboard if you do not wish to be left behind on the platform cannot be a reason to converge or adopt IFRS. He argues that the standards should be developed not just as rules but rather it should be restricted to principles. second a single set of accounting standards should be applied to companies peculiarly those which are traded as it helps investors/stakeholders to compare them with their peers across the globe.Further he argues that there should be a body which must be consisting of professionals and experts which can act as a regulatory just as Securities Exchange fit out (SEC) does in United States. He emphasis the need of educating professiona l to a level that they can interpret IFRSs in a prudent manner. Financial Accounting Standard No. 157 (FASB 2006) which states that the companies can value their assets in any one of the three methods given in this standard. These methods are mark-to-market or mark-to-model or mark-to-judgement. The last method gives liberty to companies to value as they defy fit. Warren Buffet called this as mark-to-myth. Clarifications on such concept of medium valuation are needed as it gives an luck for accountants to debauch the users of the financial statements. He argues that the standard setters should minimize this need for judgement by properly responding to the queries/objections/suggestions raised by the professionals on these standards.Shyam Sunder (2009) also stated a practical reason as far implementation of IFRSs goes. He states any professional anywhere across the globe who has been bore to memorize the specifies of their own national accounting standards will find it quite an d ifficult to now thoroughly understand and cope up with the clauses of IFRSs. besides there is only one language in these internationally pleasurable accounting languages and that is English only. So those nations like China, Japan or record Italian or German would not find exact edition of these standards. And we are talking about a common language of Financial Reporting.One of the past presidents of The Institute of hired Accountants (ICAI) states people who invest foreign naturally want to be able to keep track of the financial health of the securities issuers. Convergence of accounting standards is the only means to achieve this. Only talking the same language one can understand each other across borders. N.C.Shil (2009) argues that though harmonisation will give an effect in the form of global community as a single entity. But there are major concerns when it comes to adoption of IFRSs in United States where US GAAP is still functional. And it is yet to be seen as how far th ey will converge or they will just adopt.Secondly, different countries have different legal, economic, social and cultural environments and it is very essential to learn these differences as they just cannot be written off just to make sure that we are in line with internationally acceptable reporting standards. Thirdly, they emphasised the need of implementation not just adoption. It is quite a tedious task to implement without adequateregulatory authority. IFRSs are principle based standards so again load of prudence will be required by the professionals who were implementing rules based accounting standards till date. other issue which is inevitable is the scarcity of skilled manpower in developing countries. China has reported a shortfall of 300,000 qualified accountants and is likely to require a further three million in times to come (N.C.Shil, 2009). More or less the same is the condition if we talk about India. At present with the current state of affairs The ROC Mumbai has over 150,000 registered companies out of which approximately 50 percent file their documents. Over 5,000 new companies are registered every year.ROC Mumbai has 4 staff who are employed to scrutinize these fillings, no(prenominal) of them of whom are contract Accountant or Company Secretaries.Analyse the situation of now if India without a proper infrastructure (skilled manpower) adopt or converge to IFRS.The concern at this hour is whether the adoption is merely as a label or there is a serious commitment to it. If the IFRSs are adopted with such anintension then this will lead to increase intransparency , substantiallydecrease information asymmetry, scruple and estimation risk, and as a will result inlower cost of capital and higher market liquidity(Leuz and Verrecchia, 2000 fifty et al., 2007a). This hypothesis was analysed by H.Daske,L.Hail,C.Leuz and R.Verdi (2007) who examined IFRS adoption by 24 countries between 1988 to 2004and concluded that these the firms show a subst antial decrease in cost of capital and exhibit higher market liquidity after converting themselves from their Local GAAP to IFRS.The problem faced even by European countries was the lack of pellucidness at the time of first-time adoption of IFRS. This issue still persists and there are still no clarifications on transactions of specific nature such as pension and other post-retirement benefits (R.K.Larson, D.L.Street 2004).The focus tends to be on what the rules say, not on how they are implemented in practice(Ray Ball, 2006). In practice this has been a major concern even in Europe where implementation is still a major concern. Developing countries like India need to understand that mere restructuring or reorganisation of the standard setting body would not resolve this crisis. But including politics agencies on their board will get across this tedious task of implementation (Peter Carlson,1997).The harmonisation of such standards is regarded to be uncomplete practical nor trul y valuable (Goeltz, 1991, p.85) possibly because investors may have developed adequate coping mechanism so that their financial decisions are not impeded(Choi and Levich,1991,p.2)Because different users require different information it is difficult to take their financial reporting needs with the constraints of a set of inter national accounting standards.A survey of 112 companies in India ,by Ernst Yong showed 67% of them welcomed the decision of convergence to IFRS. But majority of them were susceptible with the deadline set by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and the reasons stated were quite obvious. One being the cost, whether it up gradation of IT software product or cost of skilled manpower. The other reason was the jugglery in the statutory laws. The Tax laws, Companies Act 1956and all other statutory laws are yet to be modified and in a manner that they are in line with the IFRS regulations. Taking a clue from the nations who have already transited to IFRS India as a country needs to analyse the cost benefit ratio before implementing these IFRS regulations.UK companies recorded an average of 625,000 for IFRS conversion training in 2005.Also Securities Exchange commission has reported that average US corporation will spend nearly $ 32 million in IFRS adoption cost.Also there is a mixed feeling of whether India will follow full IFRS regulations or will opt for modified country specific version like in European Union ,Singapore, Japan or Australia.Ray Ball(2006) on International Financial reporting Standards Pros and Cons argued that without any doubts the high quality standards have now beenadopted by more than blow countries is in itself commendable. On the other side he predicts the problems with the fascination of IASB and FASB with fair value accounting. When market prices are available, for any assets, then the opportunity of manipulation by managers decreases. However there is a flaw that the managers can still manipulate by usi ng mark-to-model accounting. This particular clause in IFRS increases gives an opening to managers to fabricate the valuations as per their discretion. However , IASB and FASB are determined to go move ahead with fair value accounting and FASB member L.Todd Johnson commentedThe Board has required greater use of fair value measurements in financial statements because it perceives that information as more relevant to investors and creditors than historical cost information. much(prenominal) a measures better facilitate assessing their past performance and future prospects. In that regard, the Board does not accept the view that reliability should outweigh relevancy for financial statement measuresBall, Robin and Wu(2003) investigated the relationship between accounting standards and the structure of other institutions on the attributes of financial reporting system. The study was based on four Asian countries namely Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand.They argued that these c ountries have a greater influence towards International Accounting Standards which as a result should produce high quality financial reporting. But the institutional structures that provide incentives to issue low quality reports (Robert W. Holthausen, 2003). Hence Ball, Robin and Wu predicted that outcome of such structure will have a negative impact of financial reporting.Researchers are also of the view that the manner in which the European Union is formed, in the same manner Asian Countries can come together and come to a common consensus which allows free mobility of capital, Labour and enterprises across the national borders of its member countries.( Peter Carlson, 1997).InidaHistory and OverviewIndia is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic country. It has a Government or rather Parliamentary system of Government. The President is the entire head .In the states it is the Governor who acts as a representative of the president. There are 28 states and 7 Union territories. Each and every part of the country has a different and unique demography, history and culture, dress, festivals, languages etc. India is seventh-largest country by its geographical area, second most populous country and the most populous commonwealth in the world.In India, responsibility of maintaining high standards in accounting, auditing and good standards are bestowed on the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). The Institute was established in 1949 under an act of Parliament. The headquarters of this accounting body is in spic-and-span Delhi. The Institute also has five regional offices situated in Mumbai, Chennai, Kanpur, Kolkata, and New Delhi, along with these regional offices the Institute has 117 branches across the country. The Institute has also 19 chapters outside India and an office in Dubai. Presently the Institute has enrolled 350,000 students and 140,000 members. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India is presently the Second largest account ing Body in the world.The Institute has maintain high standards of applicability of Accounting and Ethical standards in India. Except the recent saga of Satyam Computers no major incidence of this stature had ever been reported from India. pertinency of IFRS in IndiaUnder the new system the following companies or entities will have to comply with the IFRS requirementsa)Companies which are listed in any of the recognised stocktaking exchanges.b)Banks, Insurance companies and Financial Institutionsc)Companies which in the preceding year had a disturbance or more than Rs 1 billion.d)Companies which in the preceding year had borrowings in excess of Rs 250 million.e)Holding or subsidiary of any of the above companiesAt present IFRS is not applicable to SMEs.Differences between the prsent regime under local GAAP and IFRSThere are issues which really putting doubts in the opinion of professionals or the users of financial statement which needs immediate attention. Following are few of them1)As per the companies act 1956, there are specified rates for dispraise to be charged to assets by every company. The clause states that every company must charge a marginal rate of depreciation to each and every asset held. IFRS does not recognise this concept of minimum depreciation.2)In India, every amalgamation must be ratified by the High Court. There is no such obligation in IFRS regulation.3)Clause 41 of the listing agreement clearly states that there should be a separate presentation ofextraordinary items in the financial reporting of the listed companies whereas IFRS prohibits such presentation of extra-ordinary items.4)IFRS conversion will have a count on impact on the reporting of Indian Banks. The transition to IFRS will put on reported net-worth, capital adequacy and available capital for all Indian Banks.Report on IFRS convergence Challenges and Implementation Approaches for Banks in India argues that there will be a significant impact on the Banking industry in India particularly in the reporting of Financial Instruments, Derivatives and provisions to be made in case of loss on loans and advances. The Financial parameters such as Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and valuation metrics on the basis of which the analysis is done, predictions on future aspects of the company are made will change drastically once IFRS is implemented.

High Speed Internet Access Information Technology Essay

senior spunky further cyberspace Access In carcassation Technology Essay calculating machine technologies commence evolved new generation in the dodge of life. Almost in everywhere the electronic data processor technologies has been use for several purposes. Even the sm completelyest organizations ar depending on the computer technologies to operate most of their activities. One of the most important computer technologies is the computer webing, which caters rough advantages. Nowadays, the computer profiting becomes very recyclable to sh atomic number 18 the reading easily. As you know , the computer interlocking atomic number 18 utilize in the agile organizations, but lately even the sm in all houses have got a collection plate net deeds. Home ne dickensrk potbelly be 2 or to a greater extent computers argon affiliated to each former(a)(a) to sh ar well-nigh functions. Having a network atomic number 18 so useful for m whatever a(prenominal) reasons mu ch(prenominal)(prenominal) as, hardware sharing. The users on network give the sack use wholeness hardware at the akin time instead of utilise to a greater extent than sensation. For example, if we have much(prenominal) than matchless computer at home we can use matchless printing machine base on our home network. Not only does a home net work provide the ability to share re firsts pitch locally , but the fact that the home network can be connected to other networks. Most home networks, big or small, are also now connected to the global network which is the net income.A eminent-velocity profit connective is sui circuit board in send to connect all computers on the home network to the cyberspace. There are many diametrical graphemes of earnings friendship. The lead primary managements for home users to obtain a fast linkup to the profit are digital contributor coil (digital subscriber derivation), line of credit, and transmit. digital subscriber reverbe rate wire is provided by echo companies, descent is provided by wrinkle TV companies, and major planet ties are provided by satellite TV providers. digital subscriber line shares the identical environ line as the teleph 1 divine serve up, but it uses a various part of the ph unitary lines rophywidth. It does non interfere with normal ph whizz service because at that place is a significant amount of unuse capacity in incumbent phone wires. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, including the minimum and maximum facilitate of Internet admission fee, cost, and availability.I am sack to apply an active home network in our resident place ,which is located in Kuala Lumpur, Bukit Jalil , Savanna condominium block A, 13th floor. This network result be apply for many purposes such as using one lucre subscription and one printer as wholesome by to a greater extent than one user. Besides that, I leave take the advantages of transferring Data surrounded by the netwo rk users. As I am going to have a home network for sestet users or more(prenominal), I have to pass with some steps. Firstly, I should know which types of mesh affiliation are available and break the training about them. Secondly, according to the information that I provide agencyrnise, I am going to decide and choose one of the meshwork connections which has suitable cost and speed. Then I allow for apply to get the chosen connection. aft(prenominal)ward(prenominal) that, I will choose the way to connect the users of the networks which rather will be radio set connecting and bank lines at the resembling time, which path I have to provide a wireless router and switch. Finally, as it is mentioned above, I emergencyiness to get a printer to be used by the all the network users. If we could confine these steps done we will have a useful home network to achieve the crabby purposes that I mentioned before, obviously after we implement it correctly.High Speed Intern et Access* Digital Subscriber hound (digital subscriber line)-The telephone system in this country has been around for more than a fifty years. And when you think about the actual physiological stem that make up the telephone system , you can see why it made sense and still makes sense to take advantage of the vast distance of copper wire to connect computers at different sites.The telephone system is a switched network. This soakeds that as a connection is established on the telephone systems network, it can be switched a coherent different paths. For example, when you make a phone call, your voice confabulation does not necessarily get along the same route, even though you dial the same phone number when you call a particular(prenominal) person.As far as the transfer of entropy is concerned, the telephone system offers more than one conjecture for moving information from source destination. This includes dial- up connection, dedicated lease line, and different switching technologies. One of the newest technologies for entropy transfer over the telephone system is Digital Subscriber get. Digital Subscriber Line digital subscriber line is one of several popular wide destiny mesh connectivity plectrums.-Types of digital subscriber lineDSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. Your basic high-speed connection that shares space with your phone line.ADSL stands for crooked Digital Subscriber Line. Has a s dispirit upstream (upload speed) and a accelerated d possessstream (download speed). Ideal for personal use like e-mail or surfing the Web.HDSL stands for High bit-rate DSL. Has a modem on either end of one or more twisted couple ons of wires that delivers T1 speeds. This method requires two phone lines.IDSL stands for corporate DSL. IDSL combines ISDN transmission coding and ISDN channel on one circuit. There are no dial up or per-call fees. This is a better option for subscribers that may live too far for regular DSL.VDSL stands for Very h igh bit-rate DSL. It offers the highest speeds in DSL connections right now. At present, this method is only universe used for limited commercial use. DSL providers hope to make this form of DSL more common in the future.SDSL stands for Single Line DSL. SDSL is symmetric, which means that information can be carried upstream and downstream at the same rate. How DSL worksDSL works with a twisted pair of copper wires, just like the kind that connects to your telephone from the telephone company.When you make a DSL connection, your normal phone line becomes the medium for all of your voice converses and your Internet data requests. Just like in a cable connection, the line is shared by the two connections and the information is unplowed separate, so that signals do not cross.The equipments that we need to get DSL connectionA modem (also know as a transceiver) on the subscribers side, this hooks up the computer to the phone line and processes all information and data. In more details , computers work with digital information, the digital data that is, the ones (1) and zeros (0) moldiness be born-again so that it can be carried by the analog phone line. This conversation from digital information to analog information is called modulation. When analog information is bar on the modem connected to the destination computer, the data must be converted from analog back to digital. This process is called demodulation. You can see that the name for these constructions, modem, is taken from modulation and demodulation.Access Multiplexer on the service providers side, stands for DSL Access Multiplexer and it takes requests from many customers and directs them into a single connection to the Internet.DSL slabber a interpenetrate is sometimes used to separate the information coming from voice conversations and from the Internet. all in all signals fewer than 4 KHz are voice signals, everything over 4 KHz is Internet data either being uploaded or downloaded. The filt er acts as a barrier so that signals never cross. Advantages and disadvantages of DSL1- Advantages of DSL There are many advantages DSL such as-DSL offers a fast connection.DSL drop by the waysides you to use an open Internet connection and use your telephone line for phone calls at the same time.DSL speed is typically a dance orchestra hurrying than a traditionalistic modem and doesnt require new wiring. Actually you can use the phone line that you have already installed in your home to get DSL up and running.You will be able to download and upload files faster.2- Disadvantages of DSL surely, in that location are disadvantages to anything as is the case with DSL-The closer you are to the inter turn office of the DSL provider the better your connection will work. For example, if your kettle of fish is far away you may get more problems of connecting using DSL line.Typically connection speeds are faster when receiving information and data than when displace data using a DSL c onnection. DSL mesh providers in KLThere are many available DSL service providers in KL* TIME widebandBroadband Internet is high speed Internet approach with speeds greater than 256Kbps.Costs and speeds of TIME BroadbandFeaturesHomeNET 256HomeNET 384HomeNET Pro* transfer Speed256kbps384kbps448kbpsUpload Speed256kbps384kbps448kbpsmonthly ChargeRM 78RM 98RM 138One-Time InstallationRM 120RM 120RM 120(Author/ unknown, Timebroadband.time.net.my, 2009)The coverage of TIME BroadbandBuildingsPostcodeCasa Vista Condominium50480Mont Kiara Astana50480Mont Kiara Mozart predominate50480Mont Kiara Damai50480Mont Kiara Palma50480Mont Kiara Pelangi50480Mont Kiara Pines50480Mont Kiara Sophia50480Sri Wangsaria Condominium50480 fling Court Condominium75050Suasana Sentral Condo50470(Author/ unknown, Timebroadband.time.net.my, 2009)* Giga broadbandIts another DSL applied science known as Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) provides an incredible amount of bandwidth, with speeds up to a bout 54 megabits per second (Mbps). VDSL earnings Sdn Bhd is ready to bring Giga broadband using VDSL engineering science to the end users to enthral true broadband speed running internet applications such as business portal, video on demand, voice over broadband, video bouncing and other contents that require high bandwidth.Costs and speeds of giga broadbandresidential (Author/ unknown, Vdslnetwork.com, 2009)The coverage buildingsAsiaLife BuildingAvenue KBangunan MBSA, Shah AlamCasa Vista CondominiumChulan TowerCrowne PlazaEmpire TowerHotel IstanaKenanga International, KLKompleks AntarabangsaKUB.ComLee RubberMahsa College(Author/ unknown, Vdslnetwork.com, 2009)* TM streamyxStreamyx is Malaysias postmortem broadband provider, hooking up Malaysians nationwide with the fast-paced online world.The bandwidth provided by Streamyx gives you an unsurpassed Internet experience. Audio and video stream consistently. And youre easily kept informed with the complex applications and heav y websites that are now in vogue.With Streamyx broadband well be able toperpetually onlineenjoying unlimited usage for a pertinacious rate, andDownloading data at lightning speeds of up to 4.0MbpsCosts and speedsPackageDownloadSpeedUploadSpeedMonthly PriceStreamyx 384kbps384kbps128kbpsRM20 for 10hrs additional usage 5 sen/min (without modem)Streamyx 512kbps512kbps256kbpsRM44 for 60hrs additional usage 1 sen/min (without modem)RM66 (without modem)RM77 (with modem)Streamyx 1.0Mbps1.0Mbps384kbpsRM88 (without modem)RM99 (with modem)Streamyx 2.0Mbps2.0Mbps384kbpsRM188 (with modem)Streamyx 4.0Mbps4.0Mbps512kbpsRM268 (with modem)(Author/ unknown, streamyx.com.my, 2009)The coverage of TM streamyxYou can check if your area is under the coverage or not by these ways-By going to this website (http//www.streamyx.com.my) By SMS Message STXFIXED LINE takings (e.g. STX 0355195560)Send it in to 33535And wait for the replyComparison between the three mentioned service providersReferring to our c ase (home network for five users) we should have an internet connection with chance onment of speed at least 2 Mbps, so that, we are not going to consider TIME Broadband because it does not accomplish the speed that we need in our home network. The attached table shows the comparison according to our needs of our home network. benefit providerSpeedMonthly costsAvailabilityTM streamyx2.0MbpsRM188 (with modem)Available in our buildingGiga broadband2.0MbpsRM148 (with modem)Unavailable in our buildingAs you can see in the table there is only choice, which is TM streamyx, because its the only available provider we can get in our building. Beside that, it is considered as the most known DSL provider in Malaysia.* stock internet-Cable Internet is one of the most used ways of having an internet connection. Cable broadband Internet allows you to have a connection that delivers considerably faster speeds than other types of internet connection without effecting with your ability to make and receive telephone calls. A lot of passel prefer Cable Internet to other internet options, such as DSL, because it works the same wiring already used to provide cable television in their resident places. This typically makes installation easier and faster. accord to the information mentioned, we can specify cable internet as high speed Internet access through a cable line provides the customer with high speed data without using a telephone line. How cable internet worksCable Internet works same as cable television works. Cable providers use a transferral of backbone visual wires to transfer television channels. These same lines are used to connect the user to the Internet. This is possible because each wire actually consists of quadruplex channels. Most of these channels are used for television transmission, but some are daybooked for data and information transfer. Those channels are used for accessing the Internet and separate ones are used for uploading and downloading. The speed, in part, depends upon the number of channels made available for users.The transmissions go to the cable providers local data midriff. This center is considered as the main port for all of the television and data transmissions for this particular area. From here, the transmissions will be sent out along the fiber optic lines to the Local Node Box. This box collects transmissions for all of the households in this particular area.Since you only have one wire getting cable into your home, it will need to be supplied so that one part can connect to your cable television receiver while the other goes into your cable modem. You will also need an Ethernet bill of fare if your computer does not already have one.When your cable modem receives the Internet transmission, it translates it into Ethernet data which will be converted by the Ethernet card into information your computer can understand. The process is also used when you send data from your computer to the Internet.http//www. internetservicedeals.com/faqs/cable-internetcable_setup2(Author/ unknown, electricinternet.com, 2009)As a summary we can get cable internet connection if we have these equipments-Equipments that we need in order to have cable internet connectionTV cable (the main source).Supplier (to make the cable wire split into two parts, one connected to TV and another connected to cable modem).Cable modem (translate Internet transmission into Ethernet data).Ethernet card (convert the Ethernet data into understandable information). Advantages and disadvantages of cable internet1- Advantages of cable internetCable internet service is always working and you can watch your TV channels while you are connecting to the internet.It is much faster than dial-up service.Cable internet service can use the cable dismission you already have at your home or business.A Cable Modem is typically supplied to you by your Cable internet provider.The distance between you and your internet provider will not affect y our internet speed.2- Disadvantages of cable internetCable internet service is shared between you and other people on your network segment.Cable internet service is not isosceles in that the upload (send) internet speed is slower than the download (receive) internet speed.Cable internet service is not available everywhere.-Cable internet Service providersCable internet service is not available in Malaysia.* artificial satelliteSatellite high speed internet service is a applied science for getting high speed internet connection by using satellite dish connected to the orbiting system. Satellite internet service is one of always on service, this means we can access to internet without poignant on the telephone lines as well.So shortly we can define Satellite high speed internet service as a high speed internet connection to the global internet network by using satellite dish.-How satellite high speed internet service works Actually, satellite high internet service is change inte grity into two types-One way satellite service / which must be provided with standard phone line to make the data traveling via this standard phone line obviously trough the phone modem. It is called one way service referring to that the upload speed is very low and the download speed is higher than upload speed.oneway(Author/ unknown, sinosathk.com, 2009)Two ways satellite service / two-way satellite Internet service can provide both move and receiving data from the remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) site via satellite to a hub teleport, which then sends the data via the terrestrial Internet. The satellite dish at each location must be exactly assigned to avoid ruffle with other satellites. The attached picture gives more explanations.VSAT Star-shaped NetworksEquipments that we need in order to have satellite internet connectionApproximately a two-foot by three-foot dishTwo modems (uplink and downlink)Coaxial cables between dish and modem Advantages and disadvantages of satellite internetAdvantages of satellite internet connection Satellite internet connection is faster than dial-up, it can provide up to 1.5Mbps.Satellite internet does not require a hard wired connection to the provider.Satellite internet is almost available anywhere, even in rural areas.Disadvantages of satellite internet connectionThe upload speed is not as good as the download speed.Satellite connection is affected by inclement weather.The signals travel for long distance that causes some problems of delay known as latency, which causes problems when acting games online or when making internet phone calls.-Satellite Service providers in Malaysia* shining CompanyThere two satellite services provided by sharpserviceavailabilityavailable speedsapproximate monthly cost flip Ku bandanywhereUp to 1512kbpsStarts from 350RM per monthSmart C bandanywhereUp to 2MbpsStarts from 998RM per month(Author/ unknown, smartmalaysia.com, 2009)* Broadband over Power Line (BPL)Broadband over pow er line is a new engine room that allows the users to access to the global network (internet) by plugging computers into any electrical outlet. This engineering science is almost similar to the other types of DSL in speed and costs. In short, the BPL is defined as a engineering that allows Internet data to be transmitted over utility power lines. How BPL worksdiagram(Author/ unknown, howstuffswork.com, 2007)BPL works by modulating high- oftenness receiving set waves with the digital signals from the Internet. These receiving set setcommunication waves will be ply into the utility gridiron at specific points. They travel via the wires and pass through the utility transformers to subscribers homes and businesses. Obviously, it needs some necessary modification to the utility grid to allow transmission of BPL.The purpose of using BPL is that the data can be transferred by bundling radio-frequency waves on the same line with a current electric line, so that, data can be transmit ted without the need for a separate data line. Because the current electric power and radio waves are vibrated at different frequencies, the two dont interfere with each other.-Equipments that are needed in order to build up BPL connectionbpl1(Author/ unknown, electricinternet.com, 2006)As you can see in the picture above, equipments are divided into two sections-Equipments that the provider should install them (disappear to the user)-1- router supports the implementation and switches the customer access gateway.2- Coaxial cable connects the coupler and the gateway in concert.-Equipments that appear to the user-1- Electric outlet the source of the power.2- BPL Modem makes the data understandable to the computer.-Advantages and disadvantages of BPL1- Advantages of BPL-BPL connection is not affected by the long distance compared with other types of Broadband, as long as there is a power line, BPL can be installed.BPL is generally not limited by technical constraints.BPL is less costly to be deployed than cable and phone companies, because it does not require upgrading the current power lines.2- Disadvantages of BPL-BPL can affect to the other radio waves which have the same frequency rang.BPL unintentionally, send broadband signals as radio signals which make some troubles that affect on the radio signals receivers.BPL providers in Malaysia*Relam BPL communicationBPL is still not implemented in Malaysia. It is still under testing. soon this service will be launched. This poster has been scanned to show you the costs of this service after being implemented.user posted image(Author/unknown, www.et.net.my)-Comparison between all types of internet high speed connectionsReferring to the information mentioned above, here is a table to sum and recommend which one is more suitable to this particular home network. This table concentrates on the available types in the place that the particular network is going to be launched in (Savanna condo, block A, 13th floor).Name of the providertypespeedMonthly subscription feesTM streamyxDSL1.0 Mpbs99 RMSmart Ku bandSatellite1.0 Mpbs350 RMAs it is clearly shown, the obvious suitable connection for this particular home network is TM Streamyx, because it has less costs and it is the most known provider in Malaysia as well.Wi-Fi technologyComputer networking is becoming more im pointd and much useful. Previously, the computer networking started with a traditional way of connecting the devices together by using wires. This way was just the beginning of this technical generation. tardily a new technology has been introduced which made a huge change in the computer networking. This technology is called wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Clearly, Wi-Fi technology has been used to give the users the freedom of being connected together without using any physical connectors.-Definition of Wi-Fi(Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network technology that primarily provides short-rang wireless high speed data connection between mo bile data devices and nearby Wi-Fi access point).(Author/ unknown, phonescoop.com, 2004) Description of the technologies involvedWi-Fi is used for wireless local networking technology that uses 802.11standard. It comes as wireless router which is usually connected to DSL modem. This router transmit and receive the data by using radio frequency (RF) technology, this radio frequency goes through electromagnetic spectrum then it will be supplied to antenna which is usually Laptop or any device provided with Wi-Fi antenna. The wireless signal typically has a range of 300 feet. The connection speeds get slower as the distance the computer and the router increase.-Importance of Wi-Fi technologyWi-Fi technology gives us much freedom of getting connected without any physical preclusion. It makes the networking much simple and easy, reliable. For example, the user of Wi-Fi networks can connect to the internet anywhere under the Wi-Fi coverage. Besides that, it makes transmitting the data fas ter compared to other types of wireless technologies.Wi-Fi implementationThere are many standards Wi-Fi technology but two of them are the most common nowadays, the first one is called 802.11b which provides a data transmission speed up to 11mbps, the other one is called 802.11g which provides a data transmission speed up to 54mbps. As it is mentioned the G one is faster, it is more popular and also support the B one devices so it will always be chosen for implementing Wi-Fi networks.Hardware that are needed in order to implement a Wi-Fi network1-ADSL modem usually given by the internet service provider.2-radio receiver router (access point) usually comes with four RJ45 network ports.http//www.datapoint.com.mk/catalog/images/linksys%20wireless%20access%20point.jpg3-Wireless organiser in case if there is a computer desktop PC, this computer must have a wireless card to receive the Wi-Fi signal, there different type of Wireless adapter-PCI card means encircling(prenominal) Connect I nterface, this is the name given to a type of port inwardly the pc, which enables the user to add thing such as network cards, modems, sounds cards.dlink_pci_dwl528USB Wireless Dongle any PC provided with USB ports can accept this type of wireless adapter.http//img.alibaba.com/ photo/100641524/Wireless_USB_802_11g_Adapter_With_5_Dbi_Antenna.jpgSoftwareThere is no specific software to implement Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi router can be installed and configured by using any internet browser such as internet explorer. In the other hand, there is some software to manage Wi-Fi networks. It makes managing the network easy and controllable.Costs of implementing Wi-Fi technology match to the hardware needed for implementing a Wi-Fi home network, the costs will be as it is shown in the attached table.hardwarePriceLinksys wireless router WRT54G2168RMDSL modemProvided by StrymexWireless adapter Linksys USB dongle140RMSo the total costs of implementing Wi-Fi technology is 308RM.*operational requirem ents of Wi-Fi technology-SafetyWi-Fi technology could be harmful to the human-being. The high frequency of radio signals could cause some kind of cancers. Referring to the studies that have been done, no one could prove the negative effects of the radio waves no one could prove that the Wi-Fi technology is harmless as well. However, to be more secure, we should not allow the children to use laptop for long time. Also we should not use laptops on our laps especially when we use the laptops for long period. Security* Security mechanismsThere are several mechanisms to secure any Wi-Fi network each mechanism has its own concept-1-SSID SSID is the short form of Service Set ID. In other word, it can be considered as the name of the network. The purpose of SSID is connecting the thickenings to the access point. SSID will be broadcasting to be seen by the leaf nodes. Each access point has a name. In case if there is more than one access point with the same SSID, it will be shown as one ac cess point which has the strongest signal. In the other side, SSID can be hidden for more security by changing the settings of the broadcast to be unviewed so that the client must know the SSID. Unfortunately, hiding the SSAD does not mean that the SSID is really unseeyn there are some programs to find out the hidden SSID such as NetStumbler.2-WEP is the short form of Wireless Equivalency Protocol. When the user set up Wi-Fi network, there will be two options of encryption, one is WEP and the other is WAP. WEP provides lower level of protection. It uses 64bit and 128bit encryption by using RC4 logarithm. WEP uses a secret encryption learn to encode data packets before a network client or an access point transmits them, and it uses the same key to decode the packets after they have been received, it also prevents unauthorized access to the network, it performs an integrity check on each packet, and it protects the data from eavesdroppers. Generally, WEP encryption can be easily co nfused compared to WAP encryption.3-WPA/WPA2 is the short form of Wireless Protected Area. It was created as a partial derivative solution to the weakness of WEP encryption. WPA is much better than WEP but that does not mean it is completely protected.WPA can be cracked but not as easy as WEP. WPA is more secure because it uses a method called temporary Key IntegrityProtocol (TKIP) to automatically change the encryption key after a specified period of time or after the system exchanges a specific number of packets. Obviously, there is a psyche has been on your mind, how does WPA actually can secure the network? Well, WAP works in two different ways.First, in large networks, (WPA uses an certificate server to trust the identity of each network user. The server uses Remote Authentication Dial-in user Service (RADIUS) and the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to exchange encryption keys with the computers and other devices that are connected to the wireless network.)Second , ((in home networks and smaller business networks that do not have a server,A method called pre-shared key (PSK) mode uses a passphrase stored in the access point in place of the authentication server. To connect to the network, users must enter the same passphrase on their computers or other network devices (or set their devices to automatically enter the passphrase). When you set up WPA encryption, you must specify whether the network uses a server or PSK mode.))(Author/ John Ross, The book of wireless, 2004)WPA2 is the recent version of WAP. They almost have the same concepts. There are some differences between WPA and WPA2. WPA Personal- Authentication method is PSK, Encryption Method is TKIP

E Business Strategy: An Analysis

E traffic dodging An Analysis jargon is an institution that deals with m angiotensin-converting enzymey as well as credit. It accepts deposits from the usual, makes funds visible(prenominal) to those who motive then and athletic supporters in remittance of money form one place to an opposite (Macesich, George, 2000, p-42). Modern intrusts today perform a all(prenominal)-encompassing range of functions that makes it difficult to give an apt and precise definition of it. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the famous economists, Crowther had said, a money box collects money from those who have it to sp be or who be saving it aside of their incomes, and lends this money to those who require it. In short, the name bank in modern times refers to an institution that deals with money i.e. accepts deposits and advances loans has the magnate to create credit which basically implies expanding its liabilities as a multiple of its militia creates demand deposits and it is a commer cial institution that aims at securing profits. Citibank is a foot soldier of Citigroup. Citibank was founded as City Bank of New York in the year 1918. match to the latest statistics, it is now the third largest bank holding community in the United States by the total assets after Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase. The bank has its retail banking operations spread everywhere more(prenominal) than 100 countries and territories nearly the instauration (Harold, Cleveland Huertas, 1985). by from the standard banking trans movements, Citibank offers credit cards, insurance and an different(prenominal) coronation harvestings. Their online reverses have earned them appreciation from ein truth nook and corner, making them the virtually in(predicate) in the field. The 15 million online users bear certification to the stated fact. The key state involved in the man successionment of the bank atomic number 18 Vikram Pandit (CEO), John Gerspach (CFO), Douglas Peterson (COO) and Willliam R. Rhodes, the Chairman.Strategy literally means the mood an see is meanned to achieve the desired gists. Every smart set has certain aims that it hopes to conquer. It has a vivid description of what it desires to achieve. The vision statement that company has is an idealized go out which inspires it, energizes its efforts towards directing its actions towards the evaluate goals (Hambrick and Chen, 2007, p 935-955). Strategic Decision Making, in context of use of a firm or an organization, is the framing of long term plan of action that aims at resulting in success and profits for the products and function of processs marketed by the company, for instance (Triantaphyllou, 2000, p 320). Strategic decision making is all-important(a) to scoop the assorted other competitors in the market. The motion of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organisational objectives and on that pointby accomplishing organizational decl atomic number 18 one self is cognize as Strategy formulation. In todays era of cut-throat competition in the air environment budget-oriented plan or forecast-based planning methods atomic number 18 insufficient for a large breadbasket to survive and prosper. The firm must engage in strategical planning that clearly defines objectives and assesses some(prenominal) the innate and external situation to formulate dodge, implement the scheme, evaluate the progress, and make adjustments as necessary to stay on principal (Kepner and Tregoe, 1965). A strategy consequently formulated, should reflect on environmental synopsis, basing on sustainable telephone line. It should lead to the materializing of the vision of the organization, as to where the organization sees itself in the eld to come and result in achievement of organizational objectives. It basically comprises of the sp argon-time activity stepsSetting up mission and objectives The mission statement describes the companys channel vision , including the unchanging measures and purpose of the firm and forward-looking visionary goals that would go the pursuit of future opportunities and lead to its long term stance in the line of work world. Measures such as sales targets and earnings growth argon the organizations financial objectives. Strategic objectives atomic number 18 related to the firms p arentage coiffe, and may take measures such as paper in the market and market share.environmental S movening The environmental s tail assemblyning includes the dissemblenal analysis of the firm, external macro-environment and the analysis of the firms task environment. Various scientific analysis have been developed which see in the process of environmental scanning. A wakeless rooted internal analysis of the firms strengths and weaknesses and external analysis of the threats and opportunities gives us a clear figure of speech about the firms stance. And a profile of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and th reats is given by the SWOT analysis. It gives us proper selective breeding regarding the concerned firm which helps us in unified the firms resources and capabilities to the emulous environment in which it operates (Menon et al, 1999, p 18-40). Strengths are apply in growth the rudiments for a competitive advantage. Strengths include exclusive gate to senior high school grade natural resources, patents, strong brand names, favorable inlet to dissemination ne 2rks and good reputation among clients. The weaknesses are high embody structure, oerleap of access to the best natural resources, lack of access to key distribution channels, a weak brand name and bad reputation among clients. Opportunities are venture occasions for growth and prosperity. They may include removal of international trade barriers, loosening of rules and regulations, introduction of new technologies and an unfulfilled customer need (Hill and Westbrook, 1997, p 46-52). The changes in the external envi ronment may pose serious-minded threat to the organization. For instance, emergence of substitute products, new regulations, increase trade barriers and shifts in consumer tastes a mode from the firms products. The external macro environment can be time-tested on the PEST analysis outgo. The acronym PEST (or sometimes rearranged as STEP) is apply to describe a framework for the analysis of these macro environmental factors. It is the Political, Economic, fond and Technological analysis. Political issues include G everywherenments policies and legal issues resembling Tax policy, engagement laws, trade restrictions and tariffs and political stability. Economic growth, Interest rates, Exchange rates and largeness rates determine the Economic conditions of the market. Social factors include career attitudes, age distribution, population growth rate, health consciousness and dialect on safety. The diverse factors like Automation, research and maturation activity, technological incentives and the rate of change of engineering, check the technological aspect of the functioning of the organization. A framework developed my Michael doorkeeper cognize as Porters five forces can also be used in drawing industrial analysis.Strategy formulation Keeping in mind the strengths and the weaknesses of the organization, it charts out its strategy that helps it in optimizing its resources and gaining maximum profits out of it. Business trends analysis, Market analysis, Competitive analysis, Market segmentation, Marketing-mix, SWOT analysis, Positioning analyzing perceptions and Sources of culture are all studied closely and accurately and then strategies are formulated on the basis of the three generic wine strategies. The Cost leadership strategy focuses on beingness the low cost upgrader in an industry for a given level of quality (Chaffee, 1985).The firm sells its products both below the average industry prices to gain market share or at the average industry prices to earn a profit high than the market rivals. In the situation of a price war, the firm can maintain some profitability while letting the competition jut out losses. Even without a price war, as the industry matures and prices decline, the firms that can produce more cheaply will remain profitable for a longstanding period of time. The cost leadership strategy usually targets a all-inclusive market. The internal strengths that lead to success in cost leadership strategy are High level of expertness in manufacturing process engineering, skill in devising products for efficient manufacturing, having access to required amount of chapiter for indueing in production assets and efficient distribution channels.The second generic strategy, i.e. The Differentiation Strategy triggers the development of a product or service that offers unique attributes that are appraised by the customers and that customers consider it to be go than or distinct from the products of the competi tion. That means it gives last-ditch utility and satisfaction to the consumer. Factors like access to leading scientific research, strong sales team that has the ingrained ability to put forward the perceived strengths of the product in the market, exceedingly skilled and creative product development de fictional characterment and bodied reputation for quality and innovation, result in the success of Differentiation Strategy (Mulcaster, 2009, p 65-70).The third generic strategy that is the Focus Strategy, finds its essence in a narrow segment within which it tries to achieve either a cost advantage or polariation. The basic idea is that needs of the group are better serviced by foc use entirely on it.Strategy carrying into action The strategy thus finalized is then implemented using budgets, programs and procedures. The firms resources are make and al situated and proper motivation is given to the work force to achieve its objectives and thus the strategy is implemented. The way in which the work force perceives the strategy is different. It is logical, that the people who formulated the strategy and the people who will implement it are very different from each other and thus there might be a conflict of opinions, if proper care is not taken to communicate efficiently. Misunderstanding may lead to chaos.Evaluation and Control The implemented strategy has to be followed up and monitored in every step, and adjustments, if any required, will be made to fit to the changed scenario of the market. Evaluation would primarily revolve around delineate parameters to be metrical, defining target values for those parameters, performing measurements, comparing measured results to the pre-defined standard and making necessary changes.E-BUSINESSThe activity of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of telephone line concern is known as Electronic business or e-business(Louis Gerstner,1996, p 172). Commerce deals with the exchange of products and services among businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the most subjective activities of any business. The application of Information and Communications Technology to change the external activities and kins of the business with individuals, groups and other businesses is what Electronic commerce is all about. Electronic business methods empower companies to colligate their internal and external data processing systems more efficiently and adaptably, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers (Timmers, 2000, p-31). In practice, e-business is farther more than just e-commerce. While e-business refers to more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions that occur using electronic capabilities, is a subset of an overall e-business strategy. E-commerce aims to fill revenue streams using the World Wide entanglement or the net to build and nurture rel ationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency (Miller, Roger, 2002, p741). Often, e-commerce involves the application of knowledge systems.E-business involves business processes spreading the entire value cooking stove electronic purchasing and fork up chain commission, handling customer service, processing inns electronically, and cooperating with business partners and catering to their needs online, via internet. Special technical standards for e-business enable the exchange of data between various companies. Basically, electronic commerce (EC) is the process of purchase, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via calculating machine networks, including the internet. EC can also be emolumented from many perspective including business process, service, learning, community. EC is often confused with e-business. . E-business software resultants allow the integration of intra and inter firm business processes. E-business can be cond ucted using the web, the network, intranet and extranet or a combination of these.E-BUSINESS STRATEGIES With the arrival of the profits facilities and plenty of web development technologies all over the world, e-business is the new talk of businesses in todays world. E-business, like any other emerging field, is changing fast and in the process is changing the way businesses formulate their strategies and conduct their business with realization of those strategies. E-business scores over the traditional sphere of business by adding speed to the business activities and big(a) a totally new dimension and definition to businesses worldwide be it whether partnerships, joint ventures or large corporations. It makes transactions quicker in this world of fast pace (Andam, 2003) . The intranet, internet, cellular networks and various other forms of digital engineering have resulted in formation of a niche value chain among clients, employees, suppliers, stakeholders and traders coordin ated and interlinked in the world of web marketing. The equipments and pillars of e-business strategies include acceptance of payments over the meshwork, online advertising, on-line trading and auction deals over the Internet. E-business strategies differ for small and medium-sized businesses. Apart from regular sources, e-business strategies can generate revenue made from paid marketing hampers, revenues derived from franchisees and subscriptions and revenue from maintenance of current channel integrity.E- Business technology provides organizations with a great opportunity to nurture relationships with external and internal parties across its value and supply chains, to realise its competitive advantages. In doing so, however, the solution is not in the application of technology alone, to develop an legal e-Business strategy and for a successful implementation to be realised, existing business interactions must be imitate and scrutinized to trace the interactions that will ben efit from this paradigm. The business processes supporting these interactions must be reformulated and designed to effectively perform the procedures behind the interactions. These changes to the business will aspire changes to the supporting technology and to the stakeholders that perform the business processes using the technology. The use of Internet has helped and garnered the worldwide development of business that reaches out to a wider consumer base and advertises their products more effectively and efficiently. E business has been added as the latest domain in business and has become a must-have in the highly competitive technology driven hand market. E Business Strategy can be summed up as the overall strategies that govern E Businesses through reckon information dissemination or scattering.Information dissemination has been widely regarded as the strongest attribute of e-business, which uses information technology in a most effective and exhaustive manner. Not only has e -business has come to play a meaningful role in the scenario of world trade there is no business without an accompanying e-business in todays world. E business gives a business the opportunity, the chance to open its base to the world(a) market and become a part of the international business community. The most important feature of e-business is that the helps businesses move on to the international scene at maximum efficiency using marginal cost. E-business has achieved unparalleled levels of success as business models (Business Software Alliance. 2001). For instance Materials compulsion Planning (MRP), EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) or ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). The essential features of e-business strategies are submit Chain management and email marketing.A state-of-the-art E Business Strategy would generally includeSupply chain management correspond to Harland, the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision product and service packages as required by the consumer is known as Supply chain management. The supply chain spreads all over from governing the storage and movement of raw materials to the entry of the production process and the finished goods, from the origin point till the point where it is finally consumed (Mentzer et al., 2007, p 1-25). The effective management of supply chain can be taken care of with the help of e-business strategies, which will turn back down better coordination and understanding between the wholesalers and the retailers of various products that are launched into the market. Better integration of the supply chain cover from the source till the final delivery of the product can be effectively put to work using e-business strategy (Hines, 2004). This also leads us to the point of e- commerce where a parallel network of selling and buying can be seen using dissemination or scattering of information over the Internet. Everything ranging from automobiles to electro nic gadgets can be bought over the Internet in a hassle free manner under the aegis of fail supply chain management.Customer service and customer relationship management Effective e-business strategies would involve better customer service and customer relationship management ensuring the highest level of consumer satisfaction. E business is targeted at providing the services that are customer friendly, which would include the delivery of goods salutary at the doorstep of the consumer, right on time.Inventory and service management integration E business strategies can also help in improved inventory and service management integration through formulating certain precise plans for accumulation of inventory and purchasing of machinery and equipment which will avoid unnecessary purchases that would at long last lead to higher(prenominal) expenditures and entail different tax implications.tactical operations alignment Tactical operations implying towards short-term goals as opposed to strategic planning aimed at long term goals can be better coordinated by implementing the e-business strategies.Implementing Business Strategy Implementing e-business strategy is a major task and to ensure its success, from the beginning itself, objectives need to be identified and measurable goals need to be chalked down. This will include finding out steps in a business process, minimizing errors by eliminating paper-based transactions, introducing new market opportunities or improving information access among managers, departments or strategic business units. The costs and impacts of the establishment are measured in terms of resources, time and money. The impact of business should be anticipated, well ahead of time. The introduction of e-business technology across multiple strategicbusiness units will require a major commitment of IT department. Since e-Business applications are transparent to all major hardware platforms, operating systems and databases, thus, using an open architecture configuration eliminates this concern (Charles charge, 2009, p 49) . If an effort to make clarifications regarding the value of the strategy to the stakeholders is made, then the process of implementation becomes smoother. For instance, e-Procurement applications add value at the purchasing department level by reducing errors and streamlining the processes involved. At the organizational level value is added by facilitated purchasing in groups which cuts costs and vendors observe added value because they have quick and prompt access to information so they can track invoices and payments. The execution of the business interaction model is expected to place us in a position to clearly bring up and apply values that can be quantified to the four issues discussed above, the net result of which is the formulated e-Business strategy itself.E-business strategy in CitibankBanks today are up-to-date with both the pros and cons of the internet. They are aware of the opportunit ies and threats that are associated with the Web. Not a genius traditional bank is brave enough to face investment analysts without an Internet strategy. But even a very thoughtful approach to the Web may do no good to the company/ organization.The main purpose behind launching online banking services is to provide the customer an alternative way which is more responsive and less expensive i.e. is cost friendly. CitiDirect is the centre of the Citibank spheric e-Business strategy. The Business strategy of Citibank is to CONNECT their customers to their web enabled services,TRANSFORM their capabilities into new Internet offerings andEXTEND our reach into new markets via integrated infrastructure solutions and partnerships with technology companies or e-Commerce market makers. They have innovative e-business solutions like1) CitiPhone 24 hours Phone Banking service of process2) ATMs- Automated Teller Machines3) CitiAlert GSM notifications service4) E-Card Internet Shopping Card 5) CitiDirect incorporate Internet Banking Service, and6) Citibank Online Retail Internet Banking Service.Citibank is connected to an e-business strategy-Connect, Transform and Extend-was to web enable its core services, develop integrated solutions and reach new markets. (McCauley Khan, 2002, p.1). Their strategy is to position Citibank as the embedded Financial Services engine that powers the Internet economy. Citibank tries to distinguish itself from competitors by using its customer service efficiently. Several services are offered to their clients. Citibank offers telephone hotlines, customer relations managers to give individual care and tutelage to address the issues of their customers, and service experts. Citibank has been put in technology for the front and back end of the banking systems, consistently for a long time now. Citibank was also committed to its customers. According to the case study, Citibanks vision was to become the worlds leading e-business enabler. Citibank had over 268,000 employees located in over 100 countries and their focus was to embed their services into the nonchalant lives of the local population. Its a bank that has its roots spreading all over the country as deep as any local endemical bank, offering diverse products, building a broad customer base, actively participating in the social community and recruiting staff and senior management from the local population and hence guaranteeing employment and stability to the economy.Apart from being committed to employees and customers all over the world, Citibank has strong brand recognition and continues to invest in technology. The leading Citigroup formed adhesivenesss with Oracle, Commerce One, Inc., SAP AG, Wisdom Technologies and Bolero.net to help metamorphosis of its company to an e-business model, to place itself strongly within the technology sector. In 2000, four companies got together with Citibank to form Financial Settlement Matrix.com It is a company tha t connected buyers and sellers in e-marketplaces with credit, payment processing and other services through multiple participating banks and financial service companies. Citibank is always open to adjustments to adapt to the ever-changing business environment and thus it obtains the place of one of the most successful banking chains in the world. Citibank, in its pursuit of transforming its traditional assets to digital assets has established departments necessary to manage the process. Citibank formed the Internet Operation sort out which shouldered the responsibility of distributing Internet activities among e-Citi and all other business units. curtly after that, e-Consumer and e-Business segments were established with the aim of infusing internet to the entire customer and corporate banking activities and services. After a while, e-Capital Markets and e-Assets Management departments were also established. The e-Business unit has the task of developing the software needed to set clients up with electronic business accounts, utilizing both IT and business people. The e-workplace gave a tremendous boost to Citibank when it was in its pursuit of transitioning from the traditional way of doing business to the electronic way. Constant attention is given to development in order to make upgrades in the e-business model. The key to manage the be given of money, for its corporate consumers through the World Wide Web was delivering an integrated solution that would enable its corporate customers to conduct transaction on-line. Citigroup desired to be the centre intermediary between buyers and sellers for any sort of transaction. Their strength is the customer-centered approach including solvent time, technology and support which gains the confidence of the customers on the products of the bank. Citigroup is utilise towards creating products that cater to different industries and business needs by taking appropriate steps, be it investing thousands of millions of dollars in the online technology or starting e-business groups. By the end of 2000, customers had begun demanding electronic invoicing, online payments guarantees and digital receipts stored online and automatic application of payments to account receivables. Citibanks strategic function is to convert its traditional money management business into an e-business framework. Porter had accorded two main ways for a company to compete on the global front. One was cost advantage and the other was differentiation Porter, M.E (1980). And Citibanks strategy was not to compete on price and was bored rooted to the differentiation aspect. Since there are many other companies which market similar products and services, Citibank bases its differentiation on customer service. Traditionally, offering telephone hotlines, product consultants who provided service expertise, relationship managers who silent clients needs and expectations, and most important, continuous involvement in investing in te chnology to support both the front-end and the back-end electronic banking systems. In order for the change of traditional assets into digital assets, to be successful, the company must maintain or enhance its differentiation. Since the companys differentiation is based on customer service, that means that in the transformation from traditional to digital assets the company must continue to be highly responsive to the customers current and future needs and cater to the expectations of every single client without any fail or bias, and must do so to a higher level than the competition and set a higher standard than that set by the other competitors in the market. The alliance with the four companies Oracle, Commerce One, Inc., SAP AG, Wisdom Technologies and Bolero.net helped the Citigroup to transform and grow. In foregoing occasions, the company had invested millions of dollars on its own in multiple areas of e-business, and had miserably failed. As technology is not Citibanks fie ld of expertise, it found keeping in synchronize dealing with aeonianly changing technology to be an expensive battle, which it ultimately lost. However, by 2000 Citibank learnt form its failure. Taking lessons from its experience it changed its strategy to one of garnering alliances and using its partners strengths to create the technological infrastructure that the company needed to access markets and image its customers changing demands. Working through alliances increased its effectiveness, reduced Citibanks risks and costs, and allowed it to remain waxlike in going changing technological and customer demands. Both in the short term and long term, the customers demands vary. According to McCauley and Kahn (2002), one of the most important hurdles for Citibank to overcome in canalizing customers from traditional to digital service was addressing their deep seated concerns about security. While to some extent this troubled Citibanks efforts in rolling out Web-based applicatio ns, it did actively implement multi-layered security architecture public and private access keys, single-use passwords and multiple authorization controls in order to meet customer needs (McCauley and Kahn 2002, p. 9). To add to it, with digital processing it aspired to transform repeatable processes that could be commoditized into an efficient digital factory. The transformation of goods and services (or things that may not normally be regarded as goods or services) into a commodity is known as commoditization. Commoditizing repeatable processes improves efficiency, but also gives scope to resources for excess regional emphasis i.e. localization. The strong brand name of Citibank is a resource that translates into increased trust as a trusted provider when competing with Deutche Bank and other competitors. In fact, most Fortune 500 companies assign value to Citibanks specific offerings, and prefer it to other international payment providers. Citibank, then, offers multiple areas o f value to customers. The evidences of constant work in the field of imbibing recent technologies and adjusting to the changing business environment are many. The cooperation of the software giant, Microsoft and financial giant, Citibank led to the reinforcement of high standards. With a global network spanning more than 100 countries, Citi will benefit from this collaboration because the CitiDirect BE platform will help monetize its best-in-class service offerings and broad geographic coverage, while taking full advantage of Microsofts expertise in platform engineering, development of independent software vendor communities, and product life-cycle management, read an article on internet.Thus the commitment of Citibank to deliver global services and enhanced value through world-class partnership and innovative e-business solutions that meets the customers expectations in very evident and worth trusting. But the question that is worth focusing on now, is whether this value translates into a competitive advantage which translates into additional profits. The focus now would shift to question how unique are the solutions offered by it. Soon the cutting edge technological capabilities might become hygienics factors which will be considered to be required and not a competitive advantage and thus would not qualify for differentiation. Potential growths in e-business are always happening and continuous developments are indispensable. More and more companies are willing and opting to do everything from banking to purchasing to marketing online. Thus it becomes very essential for Citibank to align itself with the right partners in order to maintain their standards and their stance in the e-business sector. Company executive Tom Edgerton stated, In the future, it wont be what your company can do, but what the network of companies you work with can provide. In order for Citi to continue to grow, it must evolve in its e-Business model and develop lasting updates to its o nline products. Expanding on their existing good reputation, enhanced web features and exceptional customer service, would be the fundamental opportunities for Citibank. According to Edgerton, Citibank brings considerable value to potential alliance partners. Theyre interested in our brand, our financial services expertise, our global presence, our strong customer relationships and position as a trusted provider, as well as our knowledge of specific industries and international markets. The regionalization and specialized processing centers that Citibank has developed has provided them with scale and continual improvement opportunities.Like all other sectors and organizations, Citibank is also dedicated towards improving information management practices. This in turn improves the efficiency of business processes, the demands of compliance reg

Mathematics in the Primary School

maths in the Primary SchoolInnumerate sh solelyow infantren cost the taxpayer up to 2.4bn a year. In 2007, Sir Peter Williams the then electric chair of the Advisory Committee on Mathematics Education (ACME), was commissi nonpareild to care and make his recomm culminationations in response to the educateing of maths in archaeozoicish long time forwardnesstings and primary directs, with a view to assessing and improving upon the current practices of mathematics teaching in primeval years settings (EYS) and primary schools (Adonis 2007).By examining the visible(prenominal) point, drawing from the best practice nation entirelyy and internationally and by operative closely with the teaching profession, the Williams final publish was published in June 2008. By means of 10 recommendations the report identifies methods by which kidren in primary schools and early years settings can acquire a greater brain(a) of mathematics, and a greater appreciation of its importantance w ith relation to a successful get along withion with life during and after their school career is over. Through a high-quality political program and excellent teaching (Williams, 2008, p61), children should have confidence and feel comfortable with the innovation of Mathematics within their day to day lives.In the following, I allow explore the implications of the ten recommendations outlined in the Williams Report and impart shut with some reflection on the value of the report and the likely concern it will have on me as a trainee teacher. pass 1Considers the entry requirements necessary for Initial Teacher Training (ITT).GCSE Grade C mathematics continues to be the mandatory minimum requirement level. However the report argues that grade B in GCSE maths is desirable with the long-term ambition of the government initiative the Training and Development Agency for Schools(TDA), existence for all Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) graduates to have reached Masters-level accredita tion. However, this is currently deemed inadvisable prone the possible risk of falling enrolment of trainee teachersA higher antecedence is given to teaching experience by dint of teaching placements to maturation the students pedagogical knowledge, Williams (2008, p7) states that, a combination of deep subject knowledge and pedagogical aptitude is required to promote effective information, a view supported by the research body numeral Knowledge in Teaching (2007/2008).The evidence of good grounding in these two fundamental attributes turn ups taken unitedly they constitute a necessary condition to progress knowledge for all children up to the end of Key show 2, which prepares them well for Key Stage 3 ((Williams, 2008, p10).The only currently acceptable route to raising numeric understanding is finished properly funded and rewarded continuing professional cultivation (ibid p 12)Q14, Q15, Q19, Q25a,b,c,dRecommendation 2Local Authorities (LAs) are to continue to up-skil l and increase the numbers of their Mathematic Consultants.A continued extensive budget is to be set aside by the Government for local LAs to implement this following the recommendations make by the Primary National Strategy (PNS) (via the National Numeracy Strategy (NNS)), and in partnership with the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM). This funding to be used to develop and track refresher move Professional Development (CPD) courses for all LA consultants, evidence being that since the gate of the NNS, a transformation in the way mathematics is taught can be strongly correlated with the increase in the attainment levels of primary school children (ibid p 16).Q14, Q15, Q18, Q19, Q20, Q25a,b,c,dRecommendation 3Every school should have at least one mathematics specialist present (or have nettle to one), whose initial objective is to raise standards and narrow attainment gaps.By utilising the highly-trained (circa) four hundred LA Mathematic Consul tants to their fullest, a phased proposal is given to have a Mathematical Specialist present in every school which will re-enforce the sizeableness of mathematics within schools and enhance and allow flexibility for CPD learnings procurable to all teaching and support ply. Small and rural schools benefitting from pooled resources wherever possible. many a nonher(prenominal) of these specialists could be sourced from Newly Qualified Teachers (NQTs) trained to a higher numerical level through their ITT providers, and all specialists to be monitored by their respective corpus teacher.Q14, Q15, Q19, Q20, Q25a,b,c,dRecommendation 4The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) is to commission a set of materials which will help early years practitioners understand the effect of childrens development as shown through their mathematical grudge-making.The resulting report supports the introduction of childrens mathematical graphics (Worthington, M/ Carruthers, E, 2003), at the Early geezerhood Foundation Stage (EYFS). The EYFS adheres to the principles of the central immensity of creativity and critical thinking in early learning and development (Mark Making Matters, 2008, p2).By giving practitioners the tools to support and challenge a childs cerebration process through encouragement and understanding of the young childs mark-making, along-side open stop discussion (sustained shared thinking (Williams, 2008, p34)), the children will become confident and fitting communicators, twain orally and on paper, in all six areas of learning and development. (Mark Making Matters, 2008, p2)In relationship to mathematics, by encouraging a child to mark-make from a very early age, when children realise that attach can be used symbolically to carry meaning they begin to make marks as tools to make their thinking visible (ibid p3). Through drawing the child may develop their concepts in relationship to problem solving, reasoning and numeracy. The wideness of the Early age Practitioners taking the time to observe, listen and analyse childrens mark making in order to understand, praise and enrich the childs proceedings (ibid p3), is affirmed.However, I must(prenominal) agree with the importance of a young childs mathematical understanding being developed through imaginative play and effective mathematical learning for children in this age group needs to be predominantly amicable in nature (Williams, 2008, p36).Q15, Q18, Q19, Q20Recommendation 5The forthcoming review of the EYSF in 2010 is to consider the inclusion of time and capacity which Williams feel were omitted when the statutory early learning goals set out in the Statutory Framework for EYFS attainment and Development Requirements (DCSF 2006) were first developed.By using these two extra concepts along with those already required i.e., shape, space, measures along with the use of correct mathematical language, it would change the child to apply their mathematical knowledge in practical and sprightly ways (Williams, 2008, p36), whilst as well enhancing the childs understanding of problem solving.The responsibilities of effective pedagogy for this postpone falling to local authorities, leaders, managers and head-teachers.Q14, Q15, Q19, Q20, Q25a,b,c,dRecommendation 6The DCSF is to continue to increase the step of graduate practitioners going into Early Years Settings (EYS).The Childrens Workforce Development Council (CWDC) (2010), states tall quality early years provision can have a significant impact on childrens development, performance at school and their future day life chances (CWDC, 2010, Areas of Work- Early Years) and the early years workforce must be well qualified. (ibid)With reference to the Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE, 2004), the Millennium cohort Study (MCS, 2005) and the evaluation of the Neighbourhood Nursery Initiative (NNI, 2000), it recognises the importance of having a good proportion of trained teachers on the staff. The recommendation being for one graduate early years professional per setting by 2010 and with provision for two graduates per setting in disadvantaged areas.A member of staff having Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) and a Graduate Early Years Practitioner who has a specialism in working with early years children could have the most benefit to most childrens development and learning.Standards could also be raised with additional funding given to implementing CPD within the Early Years Workforce where mathematics is given essential priority. It should however be tell that EYFS provisions are currently very erratic throughout the UK.Q14, Q15, Q18, Q19, Q20, Q25a,b,c,dRecommendation 7Engaging the full understanding and commitment of participating children and their parents/carers in front the assault of discourse, paying special attention to the integration of interference in the class room and in a home-school partnership through official home-learning activities.Wher e research is undertaken, it is proven that the inclusion and understanding of parents/carers in the lead the onset of discourse is paramount in guaranteeing programme success, and parents/carers could support their childs learning progress through official home-learning activities. Equally, children who understand exactly the nature of the programme show genuine delight in their progress and the importance of this factor should not be under estimated for a successful programme (Williams, 2008, p55).In call of the integration of intervention, the DCSF National Strategy Standards (PNS) (1998) cites discussion is not just about additional out-of-class provision. It also includes reviewing what happens in class to make sure it is appropriately tailored to the needs of the children.Q14, Q15, Q18, Q19, Q20Recommendation 8The Wave 3 Intervention programme from The Every Child Counts (2008) initiative a partnership surrounded by government, businesses and the charity Every Child a Ch ance (2007) aims to enhance achievement for approximately 5%-10% of children nationally who are failing to master the fundamentals of numeracy (Adonis, 2007).Adonis (2007) states there is no single cause of under-attainment and therefore no single answer(ibid) It is best to summarise the implications, logistics and recommendations of wave 3 intervention in Year 2 as follows-Intervention should be led by a qualified teacher on a 1 1 teacher pupil ratio.The benefits of working in pairs or small groups should also be explored.The childs class teacher should be given responsibility to limit whether intervention is necessary. Investigation into of the efficacy of using video tapes for assessment and training should be undertaken.Diagnostic tools should be developed to aid teachers with assessment before intervention and monitor progress after leaving the programme, using for example, Assessing Pupils pull ahead (APP) and the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP).Intervention sh ould ideally last for one term and be completed by the end of Key Stage 1. Where it is deemed that a child is in need of intervention for both literacy and mathematics, it is imperative that mathematics be given equal standing to literacy.A wide range of (potentially costly) multi-sensory resources should be made available, for example, Numicom and the interactive whiteboard, to enable the teacher and child to select the appropriate aid to their specific issue.CCD programmes should be developed for the teacher as intervention specialist and for LA intervention specialists. Currently there is only a small cohort of intervention specialists available.Combining the roles of intervention specialist and mathematics specialist should be considered through the pooling of resources wherever possible to limit cost implications.Teaching Assistants could be unless trained to lead less intensive wave 2 and 3 interventions.A longitudinal study is to be carried out over the future(a) 10-15 year s to assess the success of the programme.Q14, Q15, Q18, Q19, Q20, Q25a,b,c,dRecommendation 9 and 10 extend to to the importance of continued building on the currently solid curriculum, with more than prominence being given to use and application (Williams, 2008, p60) of Mathematics crosswise all subjects and to give renewed focus to oral and mental mathematics.Q14, Q15, Q18, Q19, Q20, Q25a,b,c,d closing curtainIn conclusion, the above discussion has demonstrated the key features of the Williams Report and has reflected on the implications of the report for EYP, strategies for intervention and the roles of the curriculum, training, accreditation, head-teachers and the family.I have demonstrated how the Williams Report has both drawn on existing regulations, recommendations, policies and practice but crucially, identified the weaknesses in existing legislation.For me the key strengths of the report lie in its emphasis on the role of teacher pedagogy and practice and the shared respon sibility of the LAs with schools, in particular the head-teacher, and with the parent/carer.A key recommendation is being pro-active and understanding that every child matters.I feel the weaknesses of the report relate to its over-emphasis on high-levels of formal accreditation, which do not reflect an individuals natural gift to teach and which may jeopardise future recruitment.Of course, the question remains what the effect of new-made government changes and the very real and imminent threat of public sector cuts will mean for the practical implementation of the Williams report recommendations.